Story one: your heart out you get married?
Wedding night, when the bride and groom excitedly opened the hijab, shy bride is looking down at the ground, suddenly Yankouerxiao, and fingers to: ; Look, look, look at your house rat eating rice. ; older workers, why did you choose this job? already chose the job, why the body has as yet had the door but the door mentality? I've done this wrong, I just came to this plant, I often complained to his boss: very easy to find the company's problems, because the observer. The problem is you is laughing, whining, Fenran, accusing manner, or whether the owner's mentality to understand and actively seek to correct these shortcomings and flaws? Ask yourself, do you had you really get married?
story of the two: you go all out or do what?
day hunters go hunting with hounds. hunter shot and hit a rabbit's hind legs, injured rabbit starts to go to run. dog is under the direction of the hunters ran to catch rabbits. But chasing chasing, hare gone, dog back to the hunter had bitterly around, the hunter began to hound the curse: all fail to recover a wounded rabbit! asked it: meal curse, and I would have died if I had to run full ah! . III: gravel and gold.
a team of businessmen walking in the desert on camels, and suddenly the air came a mysterious voice: a dismissive, do not believe, some skeptical, a handful on the bag. It was all a handful of letters as much as possible on the big bag and a gravel, they continue on the road, did not bring sand to go very easy, and brought the go very heavy. Many days have passed, they walked out of the desert, the person arrested to open pockets of gravel delighted to discover that the heavy rough gravel that have become a style yellow gold. I thought many times , they could not think the moral of the story lies. Then I realized, and in the long life of each person, the time is like sand on earth, only people who seize the time to those of ordinary rough gravel changes into valuable gold. seize the time is not easy of course, cool people, but his long history of life is always as bleak as coarse sand, unable to pronounce, such as golden splendor. Ask yourself, how much today's catch gravel in your pocket?
Dear friends, today, I tell you three stories to listen to this, I do not believe this story will affect the three of us, but I am sure, like me, will certainly affect very ordinary but unwilling to ordinary people.
I hope everyone can enjoy their work, enjoy life
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Black and white reflection
Rare sunshine day, many days there is no such clear the
hhhh
this shadow, really simple
so simple that only black and white; so simple that only a simple two-dimensional plane only
no intrinsic profile, only the hair is not the mind, only the heart not in the mood, nor mind
hhhh
can not see her face I do not know whether to laugh or cry
hear her heartbeat, or do not know sad Hi
not touch her temperature did not know it cold or warm
hhhh
the original cover can also be used in this way, the original can be so calm escape
hhhh
this shadow, really simple
so simple that only black and white; so simple that only a simple two-dimensional plane only
no intrinsic profile, only the hair is not the mind, only the heart not in the mood, nor mind
hhhh
can not see her face I do not know whether to laugh or cry
hear her heartbeat, or do not know sad Hi
not touch her temperature did not know it cold or warm
hhhh
the original cover can also be used in this way, the original can be so calm escape
Monday, December 27, 2010
By students from Bionic to fundamental breakthroughs in basic education reform
[Abstract] At present, the existence of the fundamental issues of basic education, life activities is to abandon the name of any real life activities. Bionic education is to simulate life-life activities to control the activities of teaching ideas and methods, its essence is a violation of life is irreplaceable, not dismantling of, non-repetitive and non-duality, a departure from the activities of human life. bionic severely restricted the basic education reform, to become the root of many problems of basic education. from Bionic to rely on Students must be a major change in philosophy up, break the shackles of old thinking inertia, I believe that life contains, based on life, from research to study how to teach not taught how to follow that make life full of imperfections and vigorous growth principles to change the principle advantages and disadvantages of life, real people-oriented, Health-oriented, given the nature of all educational resources are mobilized and brought into play to achieve a fundamental breakthrough in the reform of basic education.
present, Plan must abandon the real life activity, thus losing the support of learner activities of life. to simulate the activities of life to control the activities of life bionic education teaching distorted the true development of the human digestion of the fundamental meaning of education to make education degenerate into the pursuit of physical and chemical effects of the act, this must break the shackles of old thinking inertia, a fundamental breakthrough in search for new, from research to study how to teach how not to teach, or say from a ; the fundamental change in order to truly people-oriented, Health-oriented, learner-based activities in the integrity and independence of life, the gift of nature all the educational resources mobilization and play, a great initiative to mobilize people to learn and achieve fundamental breakthroughs in basic education reform, education and personnel training for the service, which is the meaning of this article.
a bionic severely restricted the depth
basic education reform has become clear today, adhere to the teaching-based the reasons for the way forward is the lack of growth of life itself, nature, potential, and educational achievement has always been brewed by the nature of life and their understanding is a non-life, physical, industrial, scientific conquest of a mixture of Marxist thinking It outstanding performance at this stage in the daily teaching, people for various reasons (or misjudgment or deliberately rendering), there was panic in the terminal examinations, and even had a full examination of education and teaching status.
there is a argument is exam-oriented education is quality education, the detailed process of examination performance of a life activity, and its performance means the number of modern, functional and psychological characteristics of even the network, it is correct. Many researchers support the kinds of ideas, and people's traditions, customs, existing experience, involved with this view. However, this is a misunderstanding. It is precisely because people believe that the terminal examination must be prepared to test public opinion through the frequency of the background, all on education students to think are twins, from a fine candidate assumes complete knowledge of points on the test design, it is natural for non-students can not proceed from their own lives to get, we can only rely entirely taught by experienced. Education must rely on education into who taught the magic circle,
in this context of educational reform, the lack of the strong intervention of the evaluation of utility, it is difficult to make clear the values of education, reflection, often confined to the curriculum, not simply in teaching and learning relationship between the breakthrough, we can only stretched. a simulation of life, and actually still is no independent activity of life, ideas and methods have emerged. This is, in the above background, it has been studying how to teach is inevitable within the framework of teaching, added life activities for learners to observe, analyze and imitate, and into the guiding ideology of controlling the implementation of procedures or technologies, that bionic.
Thus, in our in front of the teaching materials, lesson plans, teaching, education and teaching principles, theory and methods of evaluation forms, showing a large number of different precision bionic programs, which is constantly on the life of the specific, local, the activities of both problems: How it clarity, measures of, teaching or soaked with a short-term utilitarian education will abandoned the overall activities of life thinking, as we raised the question of the dragon fruit is not how to eat it, but how to make it, we immediately into how the little black inside The flesh of the many problems of nuisance. Today is not really needed to solve these problems, but to abandon these problems, which completely changed the idea of simplified thinking, turned to the study were full of self from teaching to xian) self rely on the wonderful life, by the students is what we said above, activities within the local spiritual life questions. It is required by the meaning of Health.
must be noted that our bionic almost enveloped the entire basic education, and even dip into the so-called ; of the reform. In fact, learning is a natural process of people. We usually say effective means of learning benefits. The benefits of learning full of joy, strictly speaking is a natural deliberate the errors in the classroom will become a fraction of the so-called effective classroom, we do not proceed from the fundamental interests of people, to maximize the people-oriented reform of the large span. Finally, because of lack of support for life itself, even the and the process of filling the needs of teaching, rather than the main body of life in their own learning needs, once the teaching into a science, it immediately disappeared, indicating that the excess of it, and then that it is harmful. It is teaching reflects the process of learning some of the factors, very close to the teaching into a science, it seems the main change occurred, but in fact the study of the factors used to fill and the dotted education, help to teach the stubborn hold, so that those who control education of more intense, leading to greater restraint by the learner and depression, to stay away from the teaching with the help of relying completely let go of life to simulate life-life activities to control the activities of teaching ideas and methods, it is serious about the basic education system to the deepening of reform.
Second, basic education bionic become the root cause of many problems come from mainly relying on bionic
teaching religion: down effect on the facilities, who rely on facilities for the teaching to teaching-based, so there is a full dispatched the problem of how to teach, that is, to teach the process of system design, self-evident the design must take into account the factors of students. The problem is that this design is preformed, and it is subjective, as the main design and implementation of teaching learners who are outside, not the witnesses of this learning process, even with the most accurate test or index system, he can only on the lives of learners and alienation of life activities, local and curing of the analysis, acquisition and description, forming a seemingly respect for life, in essence, the simulation of life through subjective and openly control and life to the virtual body design-based teaching materials, lesson plans, classroom norms, methods and evaluation methods for implementation. drawback of this process shown in the following aspects.
1. thanks to points based on Marxism --- life activities, completely determine the quantitative descriptions of learning activities
scores are the results of the projection in one dimension. it does not fully describe the situation of human growth, but in the world of bionic education, as scores of clear, concise , in line with traditional, easy to manage, they have been regarded as the best tool to characterize the progress of human learning. pursuing the score, by marks, let the scores of people to learn the actual state of distorted, misleading the direction of education. scores were divided into Three Six and nine, with the scores of the control and regulation of education and teaching, so teaching the fundamental task of development of the human, mutation and give way in pursuit of scores, scores of the actual pursuit of a conventional education, but it away from teaching to develop their own fundamental purposes. because of the fear scores, we do not distinguish between a learning phase (refer to primary, middle and high school non-graduate years period) or mature (ie elementary, middle, high school graduation pro forma years period), all seeking scores, resulting in education and teaching into the extreme division of.
2. Index --- cumulative performance record based on the life activities of the judge
additive to the final indicators (results) as was the cumulative result of the previous results, Thus the establishment of regional and school performance appraisal system. This system is characterized by a continuous decomposition of a period of evaluation, the monthly assessment, weekly evaluation, and ultimately break down to in time and space is split very fine, loss of autonomy, and the educational value of lost subjects. In fact, even though knowledge is linked before, but in general, the learning is a non- linear, non-uniform, non-way, multi-factor complex process, and its factor scores obtained with the compound, and between the scores and scores, not as we imagine, as with the additive, the final score is not a a period of partial results of a small cumulative results. even if they have some relationship, but with this system of education brought about change in the nature of teaching (the growing into maturity to look at the) problems compared to the harmful effects of this evaluation system is far more than its usefulness.
3. elements and re-precipitation events can be analyzed based on the life --- and the combination of elements to determine
precipitation and restructuring is the goal of an integrated sub- split into a number of factors and then superimposed these elements as the original goal. For example, the goal of language teaching as a sub-human and instrumental, and thus far as a tool, the decomposition explore issues and section repair logic language such as text knowledge of various languages, that is attributed to language literacy and grasp of these elements accumulate it as a little bit of science and to teach to test the project, there is a middle school language education expert has calculated that from the first to third, knowledge of languages more than 160 points, while the students learn the language of these knowledge points to the time, the real language will disappear, and language learning to enjoy life from a variation of the huge burden, such as cattle weight, for a long time can not learn, Reactive old division. practice and research shows that people's language literacy, is basically not by teaching but by learning, teaching enlightenment of those, but the instinct to call for learners to achieve the independent school students: reading, writing, speech and life practice. That is, all the basics of the language trivial preaching, are superfluous, it is not only useless but harmful, causing us to not make time, space, and can not guarantee that students have the energy conditions, ---- learners learn to organize the whole, the significance of reading, practice, speaking and writing.
Again, from the human activities and growth of the intellectual and moral elements, and design education as teaching intellectual activities, operations and moral action, resulting in long-term intellectual and moral education division: the activities of the so-called intellectual weariness in the manufacture of the students, the activities of moral education has had to succeed surprisingly simple and basic reason is that he needs to learn and ----- can learn, and we do not let him have this opportunity, and deprive them of their way to learn is just to teach our own place of his own study, the activities of life of our detailed analysis and appropriate action, amazing that is caused by the direct cause of our over-teach.
4. forest for the trees --- complete visibility based on the life activities of the judge.
If that the embryo is a full individual organisms, then the root is the basis for all plant growth, knowledge is often the fundamental point --- concepts, or core skills, knowledge or skills is the basis of all occurred, but all these things the fundamental, are focus on the so-called knowledge of a large number of derived point, rather than the learner to grasp the fundamental point and then all derived independently, contains all possible knowledge points. so, the fundamental point to leave the sect born of knowledge points to only detailed design can be taught to rely on restrictions to promote, so learning to become a tree without roots, without a source of water. This is not only manifested in Science Teaching, the same education in the liberal arts is also reflected.
5. series of one-way transmission --- repeatability based on the life activities of the judge
as people get used to a series of lectures for the cultivation of virtue, both of these sermons are based on a number of local experiments, practice and speculation, and the resulting effect of the external and internal responses some of the judgments. the same environment in which the life of the extreme complexity of the role of external and internal interaction of the lack of response can be descriptive, deterministic, and integrity, it sure will go against the existence of life and activities.
above activities, and so forth. Thus, we further see that education is the absorption of bionic means both life there activities or their results in detail, to construct the learner model of the intervention detailed the method in the education life people out of fear that is always incomplete or distorted observations and judgments of the a high degree of trust it, and thus command their own actions.
education bionic bionic argument with the industry, but with it has important differences. bionic industries, mechanical activity in the industrial life of the introduction of the biological factors This is equivalent to low-level activities from the lessons of the high-level factors (level of access from non-life close to the level of life), we can visualize it as a results. bionic education, just the opposite, it is the direction from high to low is the to do the movements facilitate further reflection, to understand the basic problems biomimetic, we have to look at the simplest model Yamiaozhuzhang and disregard the changing circumstances. Yamiaozhuzhang That Song in the seedlings is based on the research initiatives, he believes the growth of seedlings is a high index increase, as long as the increase in height to achieve the growth of seedlings, thus the measures taken Yamiaozhuchang. Yamiaozhuzhang is the essence of behavior, first, by the seedlings of life outside the forces of the life activity of seedlings were replaced interventions, rather than of fertilizer, weeding and the like does not replace the life of the seedlings but service intervention; Second, it put some of life (life as a high growth performance increase), into the life of the measures imposed on them implicit assumption is that the analysis of life is reversible, that is the result of partition can be re-assembled for life. and in disregard the changing circumstances of the story, stick to the observation of existing things, deny the nature of the movement of things, so you can associated with the third characteristic bionic, is that we ignore the behavior of the vitality of things, dependent on the environment and space, or even deny it and streamlined to facilitate the operation of the external controlling.
As noted above mentioned evaluation system, although the index system adopted is a degree of human life observations, but can not overcome its limitations --- by intermittent continuous indicators describe the phenomenon of life, with a linear contact between the replacement index Index complex links between chaos, with the previous observations cure for the current measure. all of these, in fact shows that education, enormous efforts undertaken by bionic, is an attempt to simulate life, modeled on the life, to replace life, but it must encounter the following problems.
1. against the bionic life is irreplaceable
teachers in the basic assumption is that the whole process of education and teaching in a dominant position, that students learn, how to learn, to complete the planning by teachers for, as long as those who are studied and taught to imitate the activities of life, who taught in accordance with this plan to be implemented for student activities are in line with the law of growth and development of life. But the fact is far from that, the result is that when school students around the teacher to teach the students is completely subordinate, passive position, learning content and methods entirely by teachers in default, the requirements to become rigid, mechanical, stereotyped.
students Learning is a human gene that contain a functional behavior. education and teaching to enhance the final results of human learning functions through the response can be achieved. The study is based on the functional nature of the body's response to events, can not replace. This is Why students are masters of learning, the real subject of teaching, learning is a teaching center and the most basic aspects of the process. teach is to learn, teachers are the organizers of independent learning, service providers, guided by. all the knowledge and skills In the final analysis is learned by students. learning is something the students themselves, all the learning tasks to be completed by the students themselves, all the goals to be achieved by the students themselves, no one can replace. students learn, is the realization of education and teaching targets a fundamental way. external forces can only help students learn and can not replace.
2. against the dismantling of non-life and life can not be disassembled
related proposition is the analysis of life is irreversible. Paodingjieniu example, he can take the animals to be unbundled, but never able to break down synthetic bovine material back together, because life in the decomposition over Cheng Zhongyi go. Similarly, the bionic decomposition of the human learning, human development, human activities, but all of these seemingly scientific spin-off, but it can not be put together again, this is because human learning, growth and activity, people need to drive a whole needs to act the whole of life, and the dismantling of bionic , but the overall drive away from this, and dismembered as a whole, when broken down into local life, the time to loss of life or spiritual activity. so life is always greater than the overall function of strictly local functions ---- of life out of life itself, if partial, then no function. thus the object of research or educational measures, we can not achieve both overall and partial account their level of technology. to reality, the mind will never escape psychological research activities , nature and perception of knowledge is always on display for Plaza, college entrance exam questions people never escape the kinds of questions set.
any time, we can only object to wake up the action, or inspired by the way Osho in the study, as I said this: but it exists in the gap between the discourse and the discourse, which penetrate into the gap, it is the truth lies. of skills or knowledge of the sentiment and emotion are not dismantling. We can learn a knowledge of the project were related to the quality of learning time is divided into emotions, attitudes, values, but can not find any one activity can simply were access to the emotion or attitude or values. everything will be attached to the overall activities of life. We are always eager to design a series of points of detail and knowledge to fulfill our mission of education and teaching, but in fact, learners often before in our analysis, or analysis of the foundation in place, they will be more in-depth and extensive grasp of the essentials, on their own in the time necessary to achieve their analysis. In other words, as long as we are sure the integrity and the objective existence of life nature, we must not abandon the local transformation of life.
3. contrary to the non-repetitive
life activities attempt to achieve high-quality reproduction of life the best way to development is a desire bionic, but life activities Repeatability is it not an insurmountable obstacle encountered. life activity is not repeated, the same is / / species?? / / evolution of the formation pressure. [2] changes in the environment and the development of life is almost always synchronization, which is always the life survival and development, must constantly strive to change their own reasons for their behavior and their performance is not repeatable. This is also reflected in non-repetitive, bionic life activities can be characterized by the number or form description, but never really describe life itself; life activities can be recorded, but it is not always present a vivid record of the state. reluctant to use their own programs to regulate the stereotyped human activity is practically impossible, or, possible states is false.
4. contrary to the duality of life and activities of the activities of
is based on the life of nature, not by nature and society are determined, because the sense of children The society is inseparable from nature. only I said, Mean Road, seminarians are taught. It is actually to Heaven together. It clearly describes the education is in fact a as, over a wide freedom of life, it will naturally manifested destiny of the road with them. unnecessary for infants and young children as we crawl to walk upright by the teach to deliberately, our mission is to enable learners to practice their own enlightenment , which has more than ten years in our students the educational experiment, because the students are free to think and form a better success of personality and abundance of wisdom gained validation. bionic reason has taken a tough way to cancel people's autonomy, because For such an understanding: the purpose of schooling is to the original nature of the child into society, while society is no longer a natural person who, no longer under the domination of nature. But in fact, the basic social condensation of law is natural law, and basic education level, students must establish the moral basis and the knowledge to master and the related capacity should have the basic rules of society can not be separated, also fully covered by the laws of nature . bionic just lost the sense of this fundamental issue, and even the collective unconscious.
four students from the bionics to rely on, must be a major change in philosophy
sum up, bionic deny the vitality of the fatal human life injury, but also the pain of today's education. from the performance and utility of educational values, which is in the understanding of the community can understand, but for educators to have to be rooted out. human learning performance is not equal to themselves, people The short-term performance (which is a combination of people and the environment, being affected by complex factors) more people can not serve as a marker of complete. For junior section of the students, and even the case that: lost some points, has been extensive and comprehensive human development, so some of ERA is the reasonable price for good growth. In addition, when we replace each segment's performance, when bound to bring in the education process Control of the trivial. For this sense, only emphasizes the class to be known as an effective classroom, learning to become effective learning, is not enough, because it seeks short-term effects and left the people to enhance the educational nature of the classroom must fall as a fraction, fractional learning. just emphasis on effective, but also covered up our education reform today, the core of the ontological contradiction ----- whether human development agenda. on education are concerned, it highlights the self: , in preparation for the long terminal during the test, we have sufficient time to fully play the initiative of students, or have the time to say tremendous opportunities for energy.
it is clear that when people deviate from the values of education, the education, the overall behavior of the deviation occurred, and if people can not stand up, it can not realize people can do everything, like a For example, playing the philosopher: who really is > Yes, we must admit that education must teach the child to intervene. So, we reveal the fatal biomimetic approach, but also must be answered: how in the end we look at how to teach those who grasp the intervention. this issue is resolved We rely on students to form a strategy, and development those who can not leave the role of education, in addition, the task of education in the community for a large part of legal education to bear, and education management of the subject is taught by, and teach learners must intervene, these are the tangible , specific, easy to see, in the utilitarian world easily be noticed, and this easy to exaggerate the role of educational intervention. To correctly understand the role of educational intervention, to re-understand the nature of educational intervention.
first, who is teaching the management of teaching the subject, but also bear the main mission, but it is not the real occurrence of teaching subject, teaching students the real subject is its own place. If in essence, the process of teaching really happened The only subject a student. This determines the intervention is to teach those services for the real subject is the auxiliary.
Second, educational interventions and not only has the framework of the final process of determining the real decisive. Although education is a dollar, on the whole subject to the provisions of nature, but at the age of children, educators, of course, the behavior of the learner needs to intervene to make him into the orbit of social life, society needs to form rapidly character, conduct security framework to framework, the intervention taught side has unlimited power, with the framework of decisive, but it does not have occurred on the decisive final education, learners are the last occurrence of an educational decisive. which children have, with the decisive forces of nature, we say that is the real decisive.
to note is that, as a decisive form of intuitive, it is consistent with the general level of awareness of the secular, so this intervention is often mistaken for an absolute decisive, this is the ideological root of bionic intervention.
Third, educational interventions should be a lower degree of morphological form. education, the main body and determine the form of intervention is low, for example, a guideline, a praise, but it advanced through the man's own activities to achieve its advanced nature, intensive intervention is not Lichtung, as it is to leave most of the space for the learner activities, interventions to wait at Plaza is a dynamic, generated in more often but not completely static compliance, the intervention effect is nonlinear, and not to the cumulative sum of the monthly or daily clean, linear. This is because many of the human spirit often chaotic life activities , the jump, like articles and other ups and melody, not foreign intervention can traction. as the gardener, in order to maintain crop growth, it shall do just that: one is planted to the right place; Second, for them to prepare the necessary conditions for growth, including the organization's conditions; third is the growth of their objective to provide an external benchmark. But all these work activities are all outside life, the life events than the lower level work.
Fourth, the educational intervention aimed at the formation of human health, the growth of the overall development of freedom. a long time, we dip in the control role. that the effectiveness of education from the substantive restrictions. In fact, the practice shows that the human nature of goodness and beauty of the nature of the restrictions imposed by external force should be only the freedom to grow as a human power as such, is the man more effective role in the growth freedom - including the direction to achieve social development, and promote social cohesion and the rule as the law of nature to give freedom to more effectively support the growth. so that we do not bionic, but should be by students growth, education, the requirements of the external students into the inner consciousness, education, the ultimate place to learn, the development of individual development of students in mind, any educational action, both to inspire and arouse life, relative to this, teaching people themselves activities, it is invisible, the potential is difficult to draw attention. for education, the school prior to teaching, learning more than teaching, learners have to learn the nature, anywhere in the expanded study, I smoke King, large fake article I This is the bounty of nature. Thus, education for learning, is secondary, after the hair is, of course, today's education needs of learners of enlightenment and help, but need more silence in particular to makes the child is prepared for play by instinct of nature, to get the most natural and beautiful growth. It is in this place, bionic opposite direction, a serious invasion of the core areas of activities of living organisms, interference with their lives for- features that make life activity under the guise of law and the name of life will have a huge external disharmony disharmony, many problems, which results in weak power of education, poor efficiency and quality of education.
education to face life . the basic characteristics of life is that it provides the historical origins and nature, independence, community relevance, thus, the core of life can not be described, by simulation, the activities of life, follow the If today's words, is nature in the course of the development of life, engraved infinitely complex meaning, and its complexity, and not analog, and is the continuation and development of past life assurance, but also to ensure the continuation and development of our future precious resources of life. All of these proceeds to the nature of evolution have not abandoned the bionic.
But we also said that dismantling the activities of life is not the root of the problem to study the behavior of children (any time, to know always good, research is always good), but the research has not been out of industry ...
present, Plan must abandon the real life activity, thus losing the support of learner activities of life. to simulate the activities of life to control the activities of life bionic education teaching distorted the true development of the human digestion of the fundamental meaning of education to make education degenerate into the pursuit of physical and chemical effects of the act, this must break the shackles of old thinking inertia, a fundamental breakthrough in search for new, from research to study how to teach how not to teach, or say from a ; the fundamental change in order to truly people-oriented, Health-oriented, learner-based activities in the integrity and independence of life, the gift of nature all the educational resources mobilization and play, a great initiative to mobilize people to learn and achieve fundamental breakthroughs in basic education reform, education and personnel training for the service, which is the meaning of this article.
a bionic severely restricted the depth
basic education reform has become clear today, adhere to the teaching-based the reasons for the way forward is the lack of growth of life itself, nature, potential, and educational achievement has always been brewed by the nature of life and their understanding is a non-life, physical, industrial, scientific conquest of a mixture of Marxist thinking It outstanding performance at this stage in the daily teaching, people for various reasons (or misjudgment or deliberately rendering), there was panic in the terminal examinations, and even had a full examination of education and teaching status.
there is a argument is exam-oriented education is quality education, the detailed process of examination performance of a life activity, and its performance means the number of modern, functional and psychological characteristics of even the network, it is correct. Many researchers support the kinds of ideas, and people's traditions, customs, existing experience, involved with this view. However, this is a misunderstanding. It is precisely because people believe that the terminal examination must be prepared to test public opinion through the frequency of the background, all on education students to think are twins, from a fine candidate assumes complete knowledge of points on the test design, it is natural for non-students can not proceed from their own lives to get, we can only rely entirely taught by experienced. Education must rely on education into who taught the magic circle,
in this context of educational reform, the lack of the strong intervention of the evaluation of utility, it is difficult to make clear the values of education, reflection, often confined to the curriculum, not simply in teaching and learning relationship between the breakthrough, we can only stretched. a simulation of life, and actually still is no independent activity of life, ideas and methods have emerged. This is, in the above background, it has been studying how to teach is inevitable within the framework of teaching, added life activities for learners to observe, analyze and imitate, and into the guiding ideology of controlling the implementation of procedures or technologies, that bionic.
Thus, in our in front of the teaching materials, lesson plans, teaching, education and teaching principles, theory and methods of evaluation forms, showing a large number of different precision bionic programs, which is constantly on the life of the specific, local, the activities of both problems: How it clarity, measures of, teaching or soaked with a short-term utilitarian education will abandoned the overall activities of life thinking, as we raised the question of the dragon fruit is not how to eat it, but how to make it, we immediately into how the little black inside The flesh of the many problems of nuisance. Today is not really needed to solve these problems, but to abandon these problems, which completely changed the idea of simplified thinking, turned to the study were full of self from teaching to xian) self rely on the wonderful life, by the students is what we said above, activities within the local spiritual life questions. It is required by the meaning of Health.
must be noted that our bionic almost enveloped the entire basic education, and even dip into the so-called ; of the reform. In fact, learning is a natural process of people. We usually say effective means of learning benefits. The benefits of learning full of joy, strictly speaking is a natural deliberate the errors in the classroom will become a fraction of the so-called effective classroom, we do not proceed from the fundamental interests of people, to maximize the people-oriented reform of the large span. Finally, because of lack of support for life itself, even the and the process of filling the needs of teaching, rather than the main body of life in their own learning needs, once the teaching into a science, it immediately disappeared, indicating that the excess of it, and then that it is harmful. It is teaching reflects the process of learning some of the factors, very close to the teaching into a science, it seems the main change occurred, but in fact the study of the factors used to fill and the dotted education, help to teach the stubborn hold, so that those who control education of more intense, leading to greater restraint by the learner and depression, to stay away from the teaching with the help of relying completely let go of life to simulate life-life activities to control the activities of teaching ideas and methods, it is serious about the basic education system to the deepening of reform.
Second, basic education bionic become the root cause of many problems come from mainly relying on bionic
teaching religion: down effect on the facilities, who rely on facilities for the teaching to teaching-based, so there is a full dispatched the problem of how to teach, that is, to teach the process of system design, self-evident the design must take into account the factors of students. The problem is that this design is preformed, and it is subjective, as the main design and implementation of teaching learners who are outside, not the witnesses of this learning process, even with the most accurate test or index system, he can only on the lives of learners and alienation of life activities, local and curing of the analysis, acquisition and description, forming a seemingly respect for life, in essence, the simulation of life through subjective and openly control and life to the virtual body design-based teaching materials, lesson plans, classroom norms, methods and evaluation methods for implementation. drawback of this process shown in the following aspects.
1. thanks to points based on Marxism --- life activities, completely determine the quantitative descriptions of learning activities
scores are the results of the projection in one dimension. it does not fully describe the situation of human growth, but in the world of bionic education, as scores of clear, concise , in line with traditional, easy to manage, they have been regarded as the best tool to characterize the progress of human learning. pursuing the score, by marks, let the scores of people to learn the actual state of distorted, misleading the direction of education. scores were divided into Three Six and nine, with the scores of the control and regulation of education and teaching, so teaching the fundamental task of development of the human, mutation and give way in pursuit of scores, scores of the actual pursuit of a conventional education, but it away from teaching to develop their own fundamental purposes. because of the fear scores, we do not distinguish between a learning phase (refer to primary, middle and high school non-graduate years period) or mature (ie elementary, middle, high school graduation pro forma years period), all seeking scores, resulting in education and teaching into the extreme division of.
2. Index --- cumulative performance record based on the life activities of the judge
additive to the final indicators (results) as was the cumulative result of the previous results, Thus the establishment of regional and school performance appraisal system. This system is characterized by a continuous decomposition of a period of evaluation, the monthly assessment, weekly evaluation, and ultimately break down to in time and space is split very fine, loss of autonomy, and the educational value of lost subjects. In fact, even though knowledge is linked before, but in general, the learning is a non- linear, non-uniform, non-way, multi-factor complex process, and its factor scores obtained with the compound, and between the scores and scores, not as we imagine, as with the additive, the final score is not a a period of partial results of a small cumulative results. even if they have some relationship, but with this system of education brought about change in the nature of teaching (the growing into maturity to look at the) problems compared to the harmful effects of this evaluation system is far more than its usefulness.
3. elements and re-precipitation events can be analyzed based on the life --- and the combination of elements to determine
precipitation and restructuring is the goal of an integrated sub- split into a number of factors and then superimposed these elements as the original goal. For example, the goal of language teaching as a sub-human and instrumental, and thus far as a tool, the decomposition explore issues and section repair logic language such as text knowledge of various languages, that is attributed to language literacy and grasp of these elements accumulate it as a little bit of science and to teach to test the project, there is a middle school language education expert has calculated that from the first to third, knowledge of languages more than 160 points, while the students learn the language of these knowledge points to the time, the real language will disappear, and language learning to enjoy life from a variation of the huge burden, such as cattle weight, for a long time can not learn, Reactive old division. practice and research shows that people's language literacy, is basically not by teaching but by learning, teaching enlightenment of those, but the instinct to call for learners to achieve the independent school students: reading, writing, speech and life practice. That is, all the basics of the language trivial preaching, are superfluous, it is not only useless but harmful, causing us to not make time, space, and can not guarantee that students have the energy conditions, ---- learners learn to organize the whole, the significance of reading, practice, speaking and writing.
Again, from the human activities and growth of the intellectual and moral elements, and design education as teaching intellectual activities, operations and moral action, resulting in long-term intellectual and moral education division: the activities of the so-called intellectual weariness in the manufacture of the students, the activities of moral education has had to succeed surprisingly simple and basic reason is that he needs to learn and ----- can learn, and we do not let him have this opportunity, and deprive them of their way to learn is just to teach our own place of his own study, the activities of life of our detailed analysis and appropriate action, amazing that is caused by the direct cause of our over-teach.
4. forest for the trees --- complete visibility based on the life activities of the judge.
If that the embryo is a full individual organisms, then the root is the basis for all plant growth, knowledge is often the fundamental point --- concepts, or core skills, knowledge or skills is the basis of all occurred, but all these things the fundamental, are focus on the so-called knowledge of a large number of derived point, rather than the learner to grasp the fundamental point and then all derived independently, contains all possible knowledge points. so, the fundamental point to leave the sect born of knowledge points to only detailed design can be taught to rely on restrictions to promote, so learning to become a tree without roots, without a source of water. This is not only manifested in Science Teaching, the same education in the liberal arts is also reflected.
5. series of one-way transmission --- repeatability based on the life activities of the judge
as people get used to a series of lectures for the cultivation of virtue, both of these sermons are based on a number of local experiments, practice and speculation, and the resulting effect of the external and internal responses some of the judgments. the same environment in which the life of the extreme complexity of the role of external and internal interaction of the lack of response can be descriptive, deterministic, and integrity, it sure will go against the existence of life and activities.
above activities, and so forth. Thus, we further see that education is the absorption of bionic means both life there activities or their results in detail, to construct the learner model of the intervention detailed the method in the education life people out of fear that is always incomplete or distorted observations and judgments of the a high degree of trust it, and thus command their own actions.
education bionic bionic argument with the industry, but with it has important differences. bionic industries, mechanical activity in the industrial life of the introduction of the biological factors This is equivalent to low-level activities from the lessons of the high-level factors (level of access from non-life close to the level of life), we can visualize it as a results. bionic education, just the opposite, it is the direction from high to low is the to do the movements facilitate further reflection, to understand the basic problems biomimetic, we have to look at the simplest model Yamiaozhuzhang and disregard the changing circumstances. Yamiaozhuzhang That Song in the seedlings is based on the research initiatives, he believes the growth of seedlings is a high index increase, as long as the increase in height to achieve the growth of seedlings, thus the measures taken Yamiaozhuchang. Yamiaozhuzhang is the essence of behavior, first, by the seedlings of life outside the forces of the life activity of seedlings were replaced interventions, rather than of fertilizer, weeding and the like does not replace the life of the seedlings but service intervention; Second, it put some of life (life as a high growth performance increase), into the life of the measures imposed on them implicit assumption is that the analysis of life is reversible, that is the result of partition can be re-assembled for life. and in disregard the changing circumstances of the story, stick to the observation of existing things, deny the nature of the movement of things, so you can associated with the third characteristic bionic, is that we ignore the behavior of the vitality of things, dependent on the environment and space, or even deny it and streamlined to facilitate the operation of the external controlling.
As noted above mentioned evaluation system, although the index system adopted is a degree of human life observations, but can not overcome its limitations --- by intermittent continuous indicators describe the phenomenon of life, with a linear contact between the replacement index Index complex links between chaos, with the previous observations cure for the current measure. all of these, in fact shows that education, enormous efforts undertaken by bionic, is an attempt to simulate life, modeled on the life, to replace life, but it must encounter the following problems.
1. against the bionic life is irreplaceable
teachers in the basic assumption is that the whole process of education and teaching in a dominant position, that students learn, how to learn, to complete the planning by teachers for, as long as those who are studied and taught to imitate the activities of life, who taught in accordance with this plan to be implemented for student activities are in line with the law of growth and development of life. But the fact is far from that, the result is that when school students around the teacher to teach the students is completely subordinate, passive position, learning content and methods entirely by teachers in default, the requirements to become rigid, mechanical, stereotyped.
students Learning is a human gene that contain a functional behavior. education and teaching to enhance the final results of human learning functions through the response can be achieved. The study is based on the functional nature of the body's response to events, can not replace. This is Why students are masters of learning, the real subject of teaching, learning is a teaching center and the most basic aspects of the process. teach is to learn, teachers are the organizers of independent learning, service providers, guided by. all the knowledge and skills In the final analysis is learned by students. learning is something the students themselves, all the learning tasks to be completed by the students themselves, all the goals to be achieved by the students themselves, no one can replace. students learn, is the realization of education and teaching targets a fundamental way. external forces can only help students learn and can not replace.
2. against the dismantling of non-life and life can not be disassembled
related proposition is the analysis of life is irreversible. Paodingjieniu example, he can take the animals to be unbundled, but never able to break down synthetic bovine material back together, because life in the decomposition over Cheng Zhongyi go. Similarly, the bionic decomposition of the human learning, human development, human activities, but all of these seemingly scientific spin-off, but it can not be put together again, this is because human learning, growth and activity, people need to drive a whole needs to act the whole of life, and the dismantling of bionic , but the overall drive away from this, and dismembered as a whole, when broken down into local life, the time to loss of life or spiritual activity. so life is always greater than the overall function of strictly local functions ---- of life out of life itself, if partial, then no function. thus the object of research or educational measures, we can not achieve both overall and partial account their level of technology. to reality, the mind will never escape psychological research activities , nature and perception of knowledge is always on display for Plaza, college entrance exam questions people never escape the kinds of questions set.
any time, we can only object to wake up the action, or inspired by the way Osho in the study, as I said this: but it exists in the gap between the discourse and the discourse, which penetrate into the gap, it is the truth lies. of skills or knowledge of the sentiment and emotion are not dismantling. We can learn a knowledge of the project were related to the quality of learning time is divided into emotions, attitudes, values, but can not find any one activity can simply were access to the emotion or attitude or values. everything will be attached to the overall activities of life. We are always eager to design a series of points of detail and knowledge to fulfill our mission of education and teaching, but in fact, learners often before in our analysis, or analysis of the foundation in place, they will be more in-depth and extensive grasp of the essentials, on their own in the time necessary to achieve their analysis. In other words, as long as we are sure the integrity and the objective existence of life nature, we must not abandon the local transformation of life.
3. contrary to the non-repetitive
life activities attempt to achieve high-quality reproduction of life the best way to development is a desire bionic, but life activities Repeatability is it not an insurmountable obstacle encountered. life activity is not repeated, the same is / / species?? / / evolution of the formation pressure. [2] changes in the environment and the development of life is almost always synchronization, which is always the life survival and development, must constantly strive to change their own reasons for their behavior and their performance is not repeatable. This is also reflected in non-repetitive, bionic life activities can be characterized by the number or form description, but never really describe life itself; life activities can be recorded, but it is not always present a vivid record of the state. reluctant to use their own programs to regulate the stereotyped human activity is practically impossible, or, possible states is false.
4. contrary to the duality of life and activities of the activities of
is based on the life of nature, not by nature and society are determined, because the sense of children The society is inseparable from nature. only I said, Mean Road, seminarians are taught. It is actually to Heaven together. It clearly describes the education is in fact a as, over a wide freedom of life, it will naturally manifested destiny of the road with them. unnecessary for infants and young children as we crawl to walk upright by the teach to deliberately, our mission is to enable learners to practice their own enlightenment , which has more than ten years in our students the educational experiment, because the students are free to think and form a better success of personality and abundance of wisdom gained validation. bionic reason has taken a tough way to cancel people's autonomy, because For such an understanding: the purpose of schooling is to the original nature of the child into society, while society is no longer a natural person who, no longer under the domination of nature. But in fact, the basic social condensation of law is natural law, and basic education level, students must establish the moral basis and the knowledge to master and the related capacity should have the basic rules of society can not be separated, also fully covered by the laws of nature . bionic just lost the sense of this fundamental issue, and even the collective unconscious.
four students from the bionics to rely on, must be a major change in philosophy
sum up, bionic deny the vitality of the fatal human life injury, but also the pain of today's education. from the performance and utility of educational values, which is in the understanding of the community can understand, but for educators to have to be rooted out. human learning performance is not equal to themselves, people The short-term performance (which is a combination of people and the environment, being affected by complex factors) more people can not serve as a marker of complete. For junior section of the students, and even the case that: lost some points, has been extensive and comprehensive human development, so some of ERA is the reasonable price for good growth. In addition, when we replace each segment's performance, when bound to bring in the education process Control of the trivial. For this sense, only emphasizes the class to be known as an effective classroom, learning to become effective learning, is not enough, because it seeks short-term effects and left the people to enhance the educational nature of the classroom must fall as a fraction, fractional learning. just emphasis on effective, but also covered up our education reform today, the core of the ontological contradiction ----- whether human development agenda. on education are concerned, it highlights the self: , in preparation for the long terminal during the test, we have sufficient time to fully play the initiative of students, or have the time to say tremendous opportunities for energy.
it is clear that when people deviate from the values of education, the education, the overall behavior of the deviation occurred, and if people can not stand up, it can not realize people can do everything, like a For example, playing the philosopher: who really is > Yes, we must admit that education must teach the child to intervene. So, we reveal the fatal biomimetic approach, but also must be answered: how in the end we look at how to teach those who grasp the intervention. this issue is resolved We rely on students to form a strategy, and development those who can not leave the role of education, in addition, the task of education in the community for a large part of legal education to bear, and education management of the subject is taught by, and teach learners must intervene, these are the tangible , specific, easy to see, in the utilitarian world easily be noticed, and this easy to exaggerate the role of educational intervention. To correctly understand the role of educational intervention, to re-understand the nature of educational intervention.
first, who is teaching the management of teaching the subject, but also bear the main mission, but it is not the real occurrence of teaching subject, teaching students the real subject is its own place. If in essence, the process of teaching really happened The only subject a student. This determines the intervention is to teach those services for the real subject is the auxiliary.
Second, educational interventions and not only has the framework of the final process of determining the real decisive. Although education is a dollar, on the whole subject to the provisions of nature, but at the age of children, educators, of course, the behavior of the learner needs to intervene to make him into the orbit of social life, society needs to form rapidly character, conduct security framework to framework, the intervention taught side has unlimited power, with the framework of decisive, but it does not have occurred on the decisive final education, learners are the last occurrence of an educational decisive. which children have, with the decisive forces of nature, we say that is the real decisive.
to note is that, as a decisive form of intuitive, it is consistent with the general level of awareness of the secular, so this intervention is often mistaken for an absolute decisive, this is the ideological root of bionic intervention.
Third, educational interventions should be a lower degree of morphological form. education, the main body and determine the form of intervention is low, for example, a guideline, a praise, but it advanced through the man's own activities to achieve its advanced nature, intensive intervention is not Lichtung, as it is to leave most of the space for the learner activities, interventions to wait at Plaza is a dynamic, generated in more often but not completely static compliance, the intervention effect is nonlinear, and not to the cumulative sum of the monthly or daily clean, linear. This is because many of the human spirit often chaotic life activities , the jump, like articles and other ups and melody, not foreign intervention can traction. as the gardener, in order to maintain crop growth, it shall do just that: one is planted to the right place; Second, for them to prepare the necessary conditions for growth, including the organization's conditions; third is the growth of their objective to provide an external benchmark. But all these work activities are all outside life, the life events than the lower level work.
Fourth, the educational intervention aimed at the formation of human health, the growth of the overall development of freedom. a long time, we dip in the control role. that the effectiveness of education from the substantive restrictions. In fact, the practice shows that the human nature of goodness and beauty of the nature of the restrictions imposed by external force should be only the freedom to grow as a human power as such, is the man more effective role in the growth freedom - including the direction to achieve social development, and promote social cohesion and the rule as the law of nature to give freedom to more effectively support the growth. so that we do not bionic, but should be by students growth, education, the requirements of the external students into the inner consciousness, education, the ultimate place to learn, the development of individual development of students in mind, any educational action, both to inspire and arouse life, relative to this, teaching people themselves activities, it is invisible, the potential is difficult to draw attention. for education, the school prior to teaching, learning more than teaching, learners have to learn the nature, anywhere in the expanded study, I smoke King, large fake article I This is the bounty of nature. Thus, education for learning, is secondary, after the hair is, of course, today's education needs of learners of enlightenment and help, but need more silence in particular to makes the child is prepared for play by instinct of nature, to get the most natural and beautiful growth. It is in this place, bionic opposite direction, a serious invasion of the core areas of activities of living organisms, interference with their lives for- features that make life activity under the guise of law and the name of life will have a huge external disharmony disharmony, many problems, which results in weak power of education, poor efficiency and quality of education.
education to face life . the basic characteristics of life is that it provides the historical origins and nature, independence, community relevance, thus, the core of life can not be described, by simulation, the activities of life, follow the If today's words, is nature in the course of the development of life, engraved infinitely complex meaning, and its complexity, and not analog, and is the continuation and development of past life assurance, but also to ensure the continuation and development of our future precious resources of life. All of these proceeds to the nature of evolution have not abandoned the bionic.
But we also said that dismantling the activities of life is not the root of the problem to study the behavior of children (any time, to know always good, research is always good), but the research has not been out of industry ...
Sunday, December 26, 2010
South Korean teenager myth of the Kunlun Mountains shoot with great precision and writing the Asian Games
The current Asian Games, South Korea continue to dominate the archery, took all 4 gold medals, this is their 4th Asian Games gold medal sweep. Jinyou teenager 18 years old, is the sudden emergence of the town, broke the world record in the heats and eventually won the men's individual archery gold medal, becoming the first access to Asian Games event in writing for a Legendary.
1992, the replacement of war in Yugoslavia, Denmark, played all the way to break into the European Cup final, Lectra World Cup Germany 1990, winning the championship, staged people Jinjin Lock Road since the Danish fairy tale, this scene 18 years after the Asian Games in the arena again. Jinyou before the town had not been selected to participate in the Asian Games. Jincheng Xun leader and coach Liang Changxun originally intended to play to send 28-year-old Li Changhuan archery team event. the coaching staff believes that the Asian Games there are more sessions than ever before, variables, domineering than Jinyou town, they pay more attention to Li Changhuan experience. Jincheng Xun said: normalized pump training, decided to send Li Changhuan competition. beliefs. coaching that Jinyou town high school students, many opportunities for the future.
but in the Asian Games will start on the occasion, the coaching staff had to change its decision. because Li Changhuan to Guangzhou in blood pressure lead to competitive state before poor. Kim won the competition this excellent opportunity to the town. He rings in qualifying for 1387 set a world record achievement. In team competition, the gold played excellent second town to play strong and led his unit won the gold medal. In the individual race, he is not less than 9 per arrow ring, eventually won the title and become only the second Asian Games in the history of World Records Award Kunlun athletes.
11 26, in the Asian Games News Interview Center (MPC), the Chinese Olympic Committee Vice-Chairman of the 16th Asian Games Organizing Committee Xiao Tian, deputy director of the town personally Jinyou symbol of the Asian Games were awarded Award. did not think there is such a prize to reward the athletes break world records, the Asian Games, in order to encourage the athletes continue to challenge themselves, challenge the peak of the world, Olympic Council of Asia, the Guangzhou Asian Games Organizing Committee, together with China Mountain high natural mineral water, mineral water, the Kunlun Mountains, the first athlete to break world records set up the championship the to look for water finally overcome the difficulties at an altitude of 6178 meters in the Kunlun Mountains Mount Everest to find the perfect natural jade water source. It also made the JDB can understand people, especially athletes strive for excellence, scaling the heights of the concept and spirit, and proposed the creation of ; world record in the Kunlun Mountains Award He every day a lot of hard work than other students, admitted Jinyou town, he spent four hours every morning to go to class time, the afternoon time will be used to practice archery on the stability and psychological health has higher requirements, peacetime training requirements for water is higher, when the game is even more strict requirements, the Asian Games, won the world record in the Kunlun Mountains Award, the award ceremony, the town accepted the media Jinyou interview, the gap once again for the gold excellent staff handed the Kunlun Mountains town of natural mineral water, snow, and he is pleased to drink, that moment, the town is not just taste Jinyou the most high-end mineral water, allowing him to re-record memory arena Yong moments. Jinyou town after the game, first go back to Korea due to special reasons, and back to Guangzhou to participate in on his just what she should expect the road to the future destiny of Sina BLOG Yao Feedback Message Board About Sina SINA English
1992, the replacement of war in Yugoslavia, Denmark, played all the way to break into the European Cup final, Lectra World Cup Germany 1990, winning the championship, staged people Jinjin Lock Road since the Danish fairy tale, this scene 18 years after the Asian Games in the arena again. Jinyou before the town had not been selected to participate in the Asian Games. Jincheng Xun leader and coach Liang Changxun originally intended to play to send 28-year-old Li Changhuan archery team event. the coaching staff believes that the Asian Games there are more sessions than ever before, variables, domineering than Jinyou town, they pay more attention to Li Changhuan experience. Jincheng Xun said: normalized pump training, decided to send Li Changhuan competition. beliefs. coaching that Jinyou town high school students, many opportunities for the future.
but in the Asian Games will start on the occasion, the coaching staff had to change its decision. because Li Changhuan to Guangzhou in blood pressure lead to competitive state before poor. Kim won the competition this excellent opportunity to the town. He rings in qualifying for 1387 set a world record achievement. In team competition, the gold played excellent second town to play strong and led his unit won the gold medal. In the individual race, he is not less than 9 per arrow ring, eventually won the title and become only the second Asian Games in the history of World Records Award Kunlun athletes.
11 26, in the Asian Games News Interview Center (MPC), the Chinese Olympic Committee Vice-Chairman of the 16th Asian Games Organizing Committee Xiao Tian, deputy director of the town personally Jinyou symbol of the Asian Games were awarded Award. did not think there is such a prize to reward the athletes break world records, the Asian Games, in order to encourage the athletes continue to challenge themselves, challenge the peak of the world, Olympic Council of Asia, the Guangzhou Asian Games Organizing Committee, together with China Mountain high natural mineral water, mineral water, the Kunlun Mountains, the first athlete to break world records set up the championship the to look for water finally overcome the difficulties at an altitude of 6178 meters in the Kunlun Mountains Mount Everest to find the perfect natural jade water source. It also made the JDB can understand people, especially athletes strive for excellence, scaling the heights of the concept and spirit, and proposed the creation of ; world record in the Kunlun Mountains Award He every day a lot of hard work than other students, admitted Jinyou town, he spent four hours every morning to go to class time, the afternoon time will be used to practice archery on the stability and psychological health has higher requirements, peacetime training requirements for water is higher, when the game is even more strict requirements, the Asian Games, won the world record in the Kunlun Mountains Award, the award ceremony, the town accepted the media Jinyou interview, the gap once again for the gold excellent staff handed the Kunlun Mountains town of natural mineral water, snow, and he is pleased to drink, that moment, the town is not just taste Jinyou the most high-end mineral water, allowing him to re-record memory arena Yong moments. Jinyou town after the game, first go back to Korea due to special reasons, and back to Guangzhou to participate in on his just what she should expect the road to the future destiny of Sina BLOG Yao Feedback Message Board About Sina SINA English
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
NEW! 1 anniversary of the Olympic countdown - Zhang Ning Beijing Olympic ... dared to speak of the defending World Champion
Zhang Ning: Beijing Olympic Games can not talk about the defending world champion will try for
Recently, Zhang Ning of the injury was sustained .8 end of training for 3 months respectively, with two ice packs after she deposited in the right knee and right ankle, and saw the media to visit the set, she is laughing with you recently complained that she had spare time after training all confessed to the medical room. World War soon , veteran Zhang Ning is still with the team trailing leg training, it can not help but insist on a move.
three years ago in Athens champion Zhang Ning to obtain, was already not young, she naturally very excited. but asked not to defend the Olympic Games in Beijing, she immediately shook her head like a Bolang Gu: defending himself can not say. After all, has been four years now, his younger then. not looking forward to defending, but I will be very hard, very hard to win this championship. good! is the last time, so that they are valued, champion wants to. All the results are best effort.
Recently, Zhang Ning of the injury was sustained .8 end of training for 3 months respectively, with two ice packs after she deposited in the right knee and right ankle, and saw the media to visit the set, she is laughing with you recently complained that she had spare time after training all confessed to the medical room. World War soon , veteran Zhang Ning is still with the team trailing leg training, it can not help but insist on a move.
three years ago in Athens champion Zhang Ning to obtain, was already not young, she naturally very excited. but asked not to defend the Olympic Games in Beijing, she immediately shook her head like a Bolang Gu: defending himself can not say. After all, has been four years now, his younger then. not looking forward to defending, but I will be very hard, very hard to win this championship. good! is the last time, so that they are valued, champion wants to. All the results are best effort.
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Constellation New Year red envelopes tricks up their sleeves for 12
Department of boiled beef pp pig: vision of a better second half of the holiday
lot of raises and bonuses, multiple winner, hh Treat yourself to look good, is very concerned about the problems of each sign, how the 12 constellations of the supervisor or for their own know you already have or expect to raise to make an 8-fold and the like, is still very easy to implement Oh.
Taurus: Taurus
euphemism made a little bosses and supervisors although or the side of a human face, if in a subtle way, in separate occasions, casual play to express, under normal circumstances, they will consider your request but do not exceed their expectations Well the bottom line.
Gemini : joke already made
Gemini personality more casual, not particularly to pay ah these details matter subordinates or employees in advance for very thorough consideration, the gap in the entertainment or leisure, they must attack the proposal half in jest easier to discuss the boss has always been hand will not be loose, but for years, the festival like the emphasis may be even more severe than you, they may value the festival will take the initiative or employee under consideration for some incentive measures, and if you want a more than expected should show your sense of responsibility to family and team and loyalty to impress the hearts of their easily be moved Oh.
Lions: Lions spoiled the boss or supervisor made
comparison Shuangqi pies, if not superior, and direct the boss would be more generous to some. like the festive feeling of the Lions boss or supervisor will take the initiative to take into account these problems, but openly put forward, or the fractious nature of the proposed joke they will accept reasonable requests as long as the lion and sometimes the boss will exceed your expectations.
Virgin: Virgin
dodge the boss or supervisor made, in fact, thought is thinner than the needle, you have not thought that he might have considered the issue of your bonus, they do not like it subordinates and his discussion of this issue directly, so the best you can expect the value of your seemingly shy dodge revealed to him in advance, so that they may remember, and may refer you to raise the standard of Oh.
Libra : With the head of the boss made
Libra does not like the prize money, red envelopes and the like, they like to do good, and sometimes the staff will take the initiative to compete in obtaining expectations, it is not enough if you meet the boss seat active scales or supervisor, you can gossip and other informal settings to convey their demands to them, if you request more reasonable if they will let you satisfy.
Scorpio: moderate implicit
careful thought managers and supervisors Scorpio will not ignore your mean that is frightening. a reasonably subtle manner requires a red envelope or reward, for them, perfectly acceptable.
striker: I see optimism and with the nature of the expression of
shooter bosses and supervisors, not used for subordinate to worry about too much, your red envelope requirements, pay claims, preferably directly on your own, if not to show not to be sent to strike, your request will generally be met, it is rarely discounted. If a good mood when the boss encounter, you may also be obtained beyond the requirements of your expectations.
Capricorn: Capricorn is a separately
attention to the traditional constellations, they will have their own to measure your good way, is the reason that the fact that the private way to communicate individually.
Aquarius: Aquarius Optional raised boss or boss
arbitrary relatively strong, principle, but points to your request as long as it is easy to be satisfied, if you want to get higher expectations, to wait for their principle, will not blind impulse.
Pisces: Pisces
consultations that although more moderate boss and a good boss to speak, but in the material rewards, not necessarily less generous. You think you can fit in at any sites put forward your request, they will not consider your feelings completely, but will give you a bunch of reasons, not to mention make you feel excessive demands, and if you have your own expectations, may wish to discuss ways to propose.
lot of raises and bonuses, multiple winner, hh Treat yourself to look good, is very concerned about the problems of each sign, how the 12 constellations of the supervisor or for their own know you already have or expect to raise to make an 8-fold and the like, is still very easy to implement Oh.
Taurus: Taurus
euphemism made a little bosses and supervisors although or the side of a human face, if in a subtle way, in separate occasions, casual play to express, under normal circumstances, they will consider your request but do not exceed their expectations Well the bottom line.
Gemini : joke already made
Gemini personality more casual, not particularly to pay ah these details matter subordinates or employees in advance for very thorough consideration, the gap in the entertainment or leisure, they must attack the proposal half in jest easier to discuss the boss has always been hand will not be loose, but for years, the festival like the emphasis may be even more severe than you, they may value the festival will take the initiative or employee under consideration for some incentive measures, and if you want a more than expected should show your sense of responsibility to family and team and loyalty to impress the hearts of their easily be moved Oh.
Lions: Lions spoiled the boss or supervisor made
comparison Shuangqi pies, if not superior, and direct the boss would be more generous to some. like the festive feeling of the Lions boss or supervisor will take the initiative to take into account these problems, but openly put forward, or the fractious nature of the proposed joke they will accept reasonable requests as long as the lion and sometimes the boss will exceed your expectations.
Virgin: Virgin
dodge the boss or supervisor made, in fact, thought is thinner than the needle, you have not thought that he might have considered the issue of your bonus, they do not like it subordinates and his discussion of this issue directly, so the best you can expect the value of your seemingly shy dodge revealed to him in advance, so that they may remember, and may refer you to raise the standard of Oh.
Libra : With the head of the boss made
Libra does not like the prize money, red envelopes and the like, they like to do good, and sometimes the staff will take the initiative to compete in obtaining expectations, it is not enough if you meet the boss seat active scales or supervisor, you can gossip and other informal settings to convey their demands to them, if you request more reasonable if they will let you satisfy.
Scorpio: moderate implicit
careful thought managers and supervisors Scorpio will not ignore your mean that is frightening. a reasonably subtle manner requires a red envelope or reward, for them, perfectly acceptable.
striker: I see optimism and with the nature of the expression of
shooter bosses and supervisors, not used for subordinate to worry about too much, your red envelope requirements, pay claims, preferably directly on your own, if not to show not to be sent to strike, your request will generally be met, it is rarely discounted. If a good mood when the boss encounter, you may also be obtained beyond the requirements of your expectations.
Capricorn: Capricorn is a separately
attention to the traditional constellations, they will have their own to measure your good way, is the reason that the fact that the private way to communicate individually.
Aquarius: Aquarius Optional raised boss or boss
arbitrary relatively strong, principle, but points to your request as long as it is easy to be satisfied, if you want to get higher expectations, to wait for their principle, will not blind impulse.
Pisces: Pisces
consultations that although more moderate boss and a good boss to speak, but in the material rewards, not necessarily less generous. You think you can fit in at any sites put forward your request, they will not consider your feelings completely, but will give you a bunch of reasons, not to mention make you feel excessive demands, and if you have your own expectations, may wish to discuss ways to propose.
Monday, December 20, 2010
Textbooks trickery
Trickery textbooks
mm blade in the full bloom of color crown
real master,
not only to touch a good hand,
more important is to win a bad card.
Introduction (a)
W reactor, I was sleeping romantic feel, will rise and fall of five years to see full hh people wake-up call.
south wit the first three, the Ming Dynasty poet, painter, calligrapher Flirting also wrote a similar poem: , no flowers, no wine for the field hoe. > classic trickery Chinese history novel . hair chiu islet on the river fishing, spring moon used to look. pot liquor Happy Encounter. number of things past, have to pay jokes. > In fact, the real heroes, not those all-powerful, in power, but those who talk and laugh entrapped between the country, withdraw from the people after the boating lakes.
these people are able to penetrate the dead of honor, fame and fortune will be light Light erase, hate Melancholy written off.
these people are understood what his advance and retreat, to see through the gain and loss, awareness of life and death of people.
these people, we have to learn and the object of imitation.
us of trickery, it is necessary to a great compassionate heart, uphold the , initiated a challenge to the limits again and again, eventually overcome the life for each of us to set the vertex and the bottom line, and write their own destiny brilliant.
we learn the right technique is to ascertain the fate of mortal beings, clear winner takes iron Law: Why, in the same face of unpredictable fate, some people can be advanced rapidly on a successful career, some people are poor Haoshou Health mediocrity? why some people are full of poetry and brilliant life and out, some people do not Apprentice School was no idle operation? why some people, buildings axillary horse manure was instantaneous time fur ashes buried in a dry loess mound break up, why, some people towards the poor and lowly Xi Teng Tai Po when the blade in its full glory for generations, a country name ? and so much more.
cold night stars sometimes thin, Yanjuan meditation, found that people's honor the history of ups and downs, the luxury country depressed, really are all with their strategy, closely related trickery. In life and death struggle , proficient in trickery who can often orders the dead, lord; clumsy trickery, often only being trampled upon, suffered a crushing defeat.
to master the right technique, every moment of life for people in the competition in terms of how important it is.
a, wisdom chapter
1, the wisdom of the Warring States period important
legend, the famous military strategist strategist Sun Bin and Pang Juan studied at the same time learn art of war and strategy Guiguzi.
ghost In order to test his disciples millet, out of the exam questions to see who have the means to get him to come out of a shabby homes. Methods uncertain, time limitation, who made him out of the room, who is the winner.
start, as The Young brothers of Pang Juan and tried all sorts of ways the public, water washed, with the fire, with smoke, but Guiguzi anyone, deep, and Pang Juan, who Yigaibuli Council firmly seated inside the house does not come out. for the skill profound teacher, the use of force and coercion to blackmail approach is unable to reach the objective. known for strategy known Pang Juan in front of the teacher Guiguzi frustrated, defeated.
then play the young Sun Bin. He ran into the house and knelt down and said: Millet laughed, said: come in, do not believe the teacher you can try. let me in? life, we often encounter a lot of things need to the next decision, to decide how to achieve their own ends, to meet their own needs. But often, our plans and there is a big gap between planned and actual. Sometimes, the effort spent a lot of effort to pay a lot, but could not get the results you want. And sometimes, if we can use our brains to find some way, it is possible to achieve a multiplier effect. such as the story of Pang Juan, he racked nine cattle the power of two tigers can not achieve his purpose, and Sun Bin was light to employ cunning to successfully achieve their own aspirations.
This story, although in many cases to accomplishing many things with the power to realize our heart will, however, there are a lot of time, by virtue of the power may not be able to get things done. At this point, the role of scheme is very important. stratagem that of heavy to light, call jin four two. through clever logistics, dedicated basis, detailed planning, we can not get a lot of power and success but the final result.
2, life-changing wisdom
If the above story may be an apocryphal story from the later generations, then the following stories are real political struggle in the history of a fresh case.
hero or Pang Juan and Sun Bin.
saying Pang Juan and Sun Bin sects in Guiguzi Arts, Pang Juan consciously practice is full, then leave of the master, to the Warring States period Wei, chief overlord of the earliest finding jobs.
Wei was the son of King Hui of Wei Wei Wuhou is in power. He was very appreciated Pang Juan's personal talents and military capabilities, thanks to Pang Juan for the general, commander of the armed forces of Wei.
by Wei Pang Juan Wang reuse brilliance, however, Pang Juan petty jealousy Yin disease could, for fear of his future, Young Sun Bin will be his opponent, so he framed by Sun Bin, Sun Bin Come Wei first, and then framing it as a homogeneous States spy, torture, cut off feet, tattooing the first pattern, input imprisoned. This is known as the story of Sun Bin Pang Juan harm.
from the same root, fratricidal? Sun Bin Brother Pang Juan was well-intentioned thought , guessed it was a big conspiracy.
Sun Bin at risk, life and death moment, precarious. At this point, to begin his outstanding play strategy.
First, he play the fool, in a timely manner to avoid Pang Juan black hand, while actively sought contact with the outside world, looking for ways to de difficult.
when it is, the messenger of field visits Wei Qi. Sun Bin Trustee contact in attendance to make a timely manner, and Cheat Death to the car hidden Yu Qi at the end, racking their brains to finally escape the murderous Pang Juan.
story to not end here. Sun Bin fled to Qi, the shelter of the general tian name. in the adjuvant Tian Ji, the Sun Bin, director of the name to the annals of history's Tian Ji Horse Racing Jungong led by Wei Pang Juan Zhao, Zhao surrounded the capital Handan.
to when Hou Zhao Qi for help. advised the king presided over court remarks. the ministers the word of the holding, opinions are not uniform. At this time, once again demonstrated his Sun Bin The extraordinary talent.
He said: . Weiguo Jun team's morale is high and military power, this time shot, not only can siege of Handan Zhao successfully rescued, but will backfire, self-created the harm. Therefore, to strengthen the surveillance on the one hand, Zhao Wei, the two countries to collect intelligence, a terms of additional forces and strengthen its own military strength. until the Wei army began to attack tired of Handan, Handan going to restrain the time, and then sent his army and rescue, it will be easy to win. Sun Bin's recommendations in accordance with the strategic plan completed.
following spring, Wei Wang Tian Ji was appointed major general, led the Qi army rescue, Sun Bin was appointed military advisor, responsible for the overall strategic planning and guidance.
Sun Bin Bing Tian Ji recommendations made pingling , Wei-off grain Road. Pang Juan rushed reinforcements pingling after hearing the news, defeated the Qi.
time, made decisive Sun Bin, Wei capital of the whole army rushed beam hit the West.
Tian Ji confused, Jingwen its so.
Sun Bin said: The more reason not mess. now surrounded by Wei Jun Handan, capital is now weak, we surprise, destroy beams, Wei Jun bound to panic uncertainty, rapid return in triumph siege. At that time, the siege of Handan will solution. We then laid an ambush on the main Wei Jun must pass through, weighed down with the occasion of the Wei army to rely on the enemy, will be killing two birds with one stone, victory. capital is around, quickly return in triumph rescue, was halfway through the Qi ambushed troops suffered heavy losses.
The campaign Wei suffered the most serious since the founding of the failure of Wei's strength greatly weakened. This is the history of the famous personal life, career, the group's development, growth, prosperity for the country, with the decline of the significance of how important.
Sun Bin, when we observe the lives of the curve, if its entire life with a coordinate axis, then , then, Wei suffered the lowest point of his life, Ling campaign reached its climax in life.
as 2007 as China's stock market rising, Sun Bin's fate, along a line on the slide, by the end of life point of constantly sliding up and move closer to its the culmination of brilliant.
trajectory of his life, we will propose such a thing? is what makes a criminal who brutally cut off the feet, to get rid of the bad luck entangled in his head, and who became the top international, to achieve the glory of his life then?
answer without it, the only wisdom.
It is by virtue of life, the wisdom of this world, Sun Bin grasp people, home and family, not between nations flowing well known secret that the law of the field.
3, change the world
wisdom here, the story is still not the end.
Weiqi battle if we come out war, we look at changing the whole early Warring States Period , then we can see more problems.
studied history knows that Sima Guang in the dragged the earth into the arms of China, sub-fly turbulent times of war.
this period, the first to break the pattern of the original strategy, to dominate the world is not the state of Qin, Qi and Chu, but a splinter from the Jin Wei . After three hours Jin, Wei living in the affluent Central Plains. to Weiwen Hou period, he re-intellectuals, focusing on selection of personnel, the history of the famous reformer, Rick, Minister Ximen Bao, Qi Yue Yang, and strategists, are in the period was enough in their income. Wen Hou time national talent, The rapid growth of international strategic situation and the rise of becoming the leading power. However, the short-lived, Wei Wuhou time, drive away a mother seeking to kill his wife abandoned the official history of the great military strategist known for Qi, Wei greatly reduced military strength . Hui Wang period are also affected by the above-mentioned defeat Gui Ling, comprehensive national comprehensive frustrated, and gradually lost its dominant status of the Warring States Period chief.
Gui Ling Wei Qi a war not to stop after the war, history is still continue.
12 years later, the last being against the United Wei Zhao turn to attack South Korea, Qi decided to send troops is extended. Sun Bin beam half-way again ambush staged raids the old plays, Pang Juan quickly seen through, and change strategies , did not return to rescue the beam, but beam along the line chasing the Qi Qi army raid, soldiers attempting to wipe out the state of Qi.
Pang Juan as seen through the counsel of Sun Bin, and come prepared, and the situation becomes adverse to the QI . is the occasion of anxiety Tian Ji, Sun Bin ordered the army to retreat to avoid the military front Pang Juan. Here, Sun Bin and staged a historic night camping, all ordered soldiers to reduce cookstoves, shaped by the weakness. Pang Juan cookstoves from diminishing the number of the Qi in the Qi inferred exodus can no longer form an effective fighting, then had the idea to underestimate the enemy. He quickly catch up to Sun Bin, a defeat before the snow Gui Ling shame, is selection of the cavalry, the formation of elite units, Zhuixi QI. When the pursuers arrived at Ma-ling area, it was already dark. sentry at the foot of the large trees found a strange tree skin, Pang Juan heard the news come to view it. by Sun Bin confide a plan to smb. wait a long time for a long time already see fire ambush, suddenly Arrows like rain, Pang Juan spot famous meteorite life generation.
The campaign, Wei wiped out an elite, rapid strength decline in international prestige plummeted, Wei overlooking the congregation from a small drop for the second class of national supremacy, had to let out of the Warring States hegemony in the world. Sun Bin by virtue of their wisdom, pointing landscape, laughing rivers and lakes, to a large extent changed the fate of a nation.
If we follow the logic of historical development of ancient carefully comb the rise and rise and fall of national history, we can see that similar to Chi-hsiang Sun Bin Qi, and ultimately from the hegemony Wei topple the throne and replaced by the examples of Qi Fu never in the book. One of the most famous Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang is planning with superhuman ability of soil crack auxiliary champion Liu Bei, one-third of the world, not only changed the fate of Liu Bei, but also rewritten China's history.
historical contexts, we found that a truly wise person, you can properly use their wisdom, flexibility to control people and things around so that mode of operation according to their needs.
And, the real wisdom and planning, not only for the fate of individuals, the fate of the groups, even for the fate of the country, is also essential. ancient saying goes: a word enough to make the country prosperous, a word is sufficient to ruin the country. history, such as late-bloomer, Zhang, Wang Meng, Zhuge Liang, Liu Ji and other intellectual superior who can actually change a country by virtue of its wisdom, the fate of a dynasty.
can be seen, wisdom, for each of us, for each group For each country, how essential.
which can know wisdom, for each of our hard work in life are the elite, but also is much less important.
also know this to cultivate wisdom, for in the national social transition in human history, evolving from the industrial to the information during major upheaval in the global pattern of integration of people, is the top priority of all activities.
We can not wish of the gift of fate, because luck is opportunity which can not; we can not rely solely on talent and instinct, because, after all, is something emotional instability, or even unreliable; we must rely on reason, rely on wisdom, and through rational analysis, serious thinking, in-depth internal pattern of things to explore and contact, accurate grasp of the individual, grasp the social, grasp of the world, or even to grasp the whole universe. In this way, can we truly in life, to encounter less failure and more successful.
4, courage, wisdom important
than human competition is endless, is ruthless. The world is full of mutual competition and sharp opposition, jungle, life and death was originally a biological tragedy continue to unfold. In nature, plants natural selection between the survival of the fittest, and in animals feed off shrimp have proved: to maintain the survival of their species, competition for resources and seeking further development of the nature of all species. Although the human is the soul, is the enlightened and civilized species, and with the progress of human civilization, means and methods of competition have been bloody naked from the nascent stages of the transition to the elegance of contemporary civilization way, however, human society, not war What remains is not still looting Why not remain fierce competition with each other it? from human to nature, to the entire earth, dragged each other arms, battling the root causes of is a resource.
resources what is it? can be a high-rise luxury cars, which can be high above, can be a life or death. resources, access to the human society, the general performance of the material information, namely, production and livelihood. On top of this resource is also reflected in money, fame and power.
Because resources are scarce, limited resources and unlimited possession there is always a huge gap, so the struggle for scarce resources will be commonplace. far not said that since the 20th century human beings say the three World War II, the two hot war a cold war, is human resources and benefits to compete for their own subdivision and waging aggressive war. As for daily life, the scarcity of resources in order to win the fight started it is everywhere. For example, the market tricks on the merchants, scholars and scholars in the partisan, and the bureaucratic infighting on the officials, these are the people to win the competition for scarce resources.
because resources are scarce, in order to capture scarce resources, people Eight Immortals recount. Some looting through violence, and some through deception to obtain, and some through the trading exchange, and some by request blackmail, and so means to name a few.
Since there is competition, there will be opposition both sides, there will be conflicts and fierce struggle. any struggle is not embroidery, are not 温良恭俭让, sometimes, the competition will become even bloody. this time, how to efficiently through competition, to maximize access to their own benefits, while maximizing the reduction in their losses, which have become the concern of the people.
competition will require courage and determination, you need to target people for their own efforts to make the greatest extent. Here , wisdom, courage is more important than that. In life, there is no lack of those intellectual generation, not only out of a total, ghosts are scared. they are often able to become any of the rat race and control of the game in their hands, and then move the counsel, devised strategies, winning thousands of miles away. such a person, rich experience in struggle and the struggle mature wisdom, and has a keen intuition and the wisdom of the mind, they are never in the fight against blind impulse, not emotional, not wishful thinking , but not arbitrary. any activity during the time they always have to go through complex calculations, through careful reasoning, through strict judge, finally, to make an approximation as possible to judge the truth and, in the course of action in fact be changing as at any time make a new judge and adjust their own actions. On the contrary, there are some things. such a person is unwilling to use their brains, who refused to study the truth of things, is the determination, has not dogged spirit, but they can never go deep into the internal matters of the law to reveal its true, but always with Pifuzhiyong, so brute force, with the stupid strong, foolhardy. This people, often under a laundry list of martial arts, eventually 竹篮打水一场空.
strategy Masterpieces of Ancient In war, the real master, not necessarily to be able to see through the resort a winner. the real master, long before the war through a series of stylistic rules and cloth potential, resulting in the inevitable victory of the situation. With this posture display, the other player completely lost the courage and confidence to fight to achieve instead of and subdue the enemy, is the competition to achieve the best results.
So, in the competition, courage is important, but, really decide the outcome, but it is one level of wisdom. We in the competition process not only has a most drastic, take a fall of courage, but also to have a cautious, such as hair and the wisdom of global control.
human competition is endless, is ruthless. The world is full of mutual competition and sharp opposition, law of the jungle, life and death continue to unfold had the tragedy that is biological. In nature, plants between natural selection, survival of the fittest, and in animals feed off shrimp have proved: to maintain the survival of their species, competition for resources, and seeking further development of the nature of all species. Although the human is the soul, is the enlightened and civilized species, and with the progress of human civilization, means and methods of competition have been bloody naked from the nascent stages of the transition to the elegant way of contemporary civilization, but human society, not war What remains is not still looting what, do not remain fierce competition with each other it? from human to nature, to the entire earth, dragged each other arms , battling the root causes, is a resource.
resources what is it? men and women can be a diet, which can be high-rise luxury cars, which can be high above, can be a life or death. resources, access to the human society, the general performance of the material information, namely, production and livelihood. On top of this resource is also reflected in the money fame and power.
because resources are scarce, limited resources and unlimited possession there is always a huge gap, so the struggle for scarce resources will be commonplace. far do not say, say human beings into three times since the 20th century world wars, two hot war a cold war that is the human resources and benefits to compete for their own subdivision and waging aggressive war. As for daily life, the scarcity of resources in order to win the struggle it is to start anywhere visible. For example, market traders tricks, academic scholars in the partisan, and the bureaucratic infighting on the officials, these are the people to win the competition for scarce resources.
because resources are scarce, in order to capture scarce resources, people will Baxianguohai recount. Some looting through violence, and some through deception to obtain, and some through the trading exchange, and some by request blackmail, and so means to name a few.
Since there is competition , there will be on opposite sides, there will be conflicts and fierce struggle. any struggle is not embroidery, are not 温良恭俭让, sometimes, the competition will become even bloody. this time, how effectively through competition, the largest of access to their own interests, while maximizing the reduction in their losses, which have become the concerns of the people.
competition will require courage and determination, you need people to make their goals and maximize efforts. Here,UGGs, wisdom, courage is more important than that. In life, there is no lack of those intellectual generation, not only out of a total, ghosts are scared. they are often able to become any of the rat race and control of the game at its disposal, Then the counsel of action, devised strategies, winning thousands of miles away. such a person, rich experience in struggle and the struggle mature wisdom, and has a keen intuition and the wisdom of the mind, they are never in the fight against blind impulse, not emotional, not wishful thinking, but not arbitrary. they are carrying out any activity, always to go through complex calculations, through careful reasoning, through strict judge, finally, to make an approximation as possible to determine the truth, And, in the course of action will be changing with the fact that, at any time make a new judge and adjust their own actions. On the contrary, there are some beat ass leave the matter. such a person is unwilling to use their brains, people who refuse to study the truth of things, is the also have perseverance, has not dogged spirit, but they can never go deep into the things revealed in the internal law of the real, but always with Pifuzhiyong, so brute force, with the stupid strong, there Yong-free plan. such a person, often a laundry list under effort, eventually 竹篮打水一场空.
strategy Masterpieces of Ancient means is that in war, the real masters, will not necessarily be able to see through the resort a winner. the real master, long before the war through a series of stylistic rules and cloth potential, resulting in the inevitable victory of the situation. In this situation the display, the other player completely lost the courage and confidence to fight to achieve instead of areas. the enemy without fighting the soldiers, is the competition to achieve the best results.
So, in the competition, courage is important, but, really decide the outcome, but it is one level of wisdom. We are in a competitive process, not only to have a drastic, through fire and water of courage, but also to have a cautious, such as hair, control of global wisdom.
5, how to cultivate the wisdom of the struggle
Chairman Mao said: learn war. thought and research, for a rich experience in their struggle to master beat the great wisdom.
develop wisdom, we must distinguish the small difference between intelligence and great wisdom. All around us, some people are always smooth sailing competition in the workplace. They it seems that things never had to in-depth study of the entire context, it never seems troubled by the success and failure. They always With luck, by virtue of flexibility, intuition, indomitable career.
Yes, indeed there is such one of us. Their success comes partly from its own efforts, on the one hand from those slim unknown factors. These people with the envy of success. when they are in the process of growing up, they think to deal with things the model has been fixed, and the formation of a stable, unchanging routine. when their ways of thinking and objective things, the development of identities coincide, they naturally tend to make a lot of things. This time in work is entirely by virtue of their feelings, rather than rational analysis. However, that is, relying on such a feeling, they also tend to be successful. such a person We usually call it smart.
But we say, this type of intelligent, not really great wisdom, but the human world smart. really big wisdom is experienced frustrations and tribulations After about life and life and in-depth consideration of a new grasp. cleverness is superficial and is the surface, is random; great wisdom is profound, is the precipitation, is stable. Many successful persons So often followed in the success of failure because they can not really sum up the successful experience of its success. Moreover, the success of some people, not brains come, not too hard calculations, or, despite Some are true, but they can not sort out a rational re-experience their success, can not be experience into a rational understanding and use to guide their new round of competition. So, when the new pattern when the Battle of , there will be the experience of outdated, rigid ideas to fetter their minds, guide them to fail.
So the real successful people, and not merely superficial aspects of a successful, but through their own or others successful experience or method of doing things, draw closer to the truth, in line with the rational understanding of the facts. and this knowledge is more scientific, is to some extent, from the perceptual stage and into the rational, therefore, is more reliable. this understanding, this way of thinking, is really big smart. distinguish between cleverness and great wisdom for us to explore their own potential, to avoid their own illnesses, has very important significance.
strategy, since ancient times People deal with things rationally correctly concluded, based on the most efficient way to achieve their purpose. learning strategies that can make a person more mature, more intelligent, able to quickly raise a person's intelligence and spirituality, people can make things complicated the process of rapid evolution find the Liu's story.
According to legend, Qin Shi Huang, after destruction of the six countries, South Korea determined to assassinate Emperor Qin Zhang aristocratic descent, reported the destruction of family revenge destroy the country. He Bo Lang Sha assassination after the failure of anonymity, exile Xia Pi. One day, he is hanging bridge, and suddenly saw a strange old man behavior. The old man saw Zhang, deliberately thrown off the bridge will be a shoe, and then shouted: was depressed to hear this old man is extremely unreasonable demands, ready to rush to Xiang and started throwing punches, but look at his old and feeble, barely refrained. and he a good man to do in the end, not only to pick up old shoes, and respectfully serve the elderly to wear shoes. the old man look so gentle respectful Zhang Liang, then said to him: finished, walk away.
Zhang perverse behavior although I think the old man, but his appearance from the old man see that this is not an ordinary person. He choked back home in curiosity. Three days later, he played a big early, rushed to the bridge. But surprisingly, the elderly has long been waiting a long time for the bridge. he saw Zhang, suddenly said angrily: At this point, we meet again. determined to explore what happens, see what the old man in the end to go in strange.
days later, he once again came to the bridge. let his surprise the old man asked him to. the old man scolded his meal, tell He came three days later. Zhang is a Su-roots. He came to realize that this old man who seems to do. So, just after midnight three days later, he would discredit ...
mm blade in the full bloom of color crown
real master,
not only to touch a good hand,
more important is to win a bad card.
Introduction (a)
W reactor, I was sleeping romantic feel, will rise and fall of five years to see full hh people wake-up call.
south wit the first three, the Ming Dynasty poet, painter, calligrapher Flirting also wrote a similar poem: , no flowers, no wine for the field hoe. > classic trickery Chinese history novel . hair chiu islet on the river fishing, spring moon used to look. pot liquor Happy Encounter. number of things past, have to pay jokes. > In fact, the real heroes, not those all-powerful, in power, but those who talk and laugh entrapped between the country, withdraw from the people after the boating lakes.
these people are able to penetrate the dead of honor, fame and fortune will be light Light erase, hate Melancholy written off.
these people are understood what his advance and retreat, to see through the gain and loss, awareness of life and death of people.
these people, we have to learn and the object of imitation.
us of trickery, it is necessary to a great compassionate heart, uphold the , initiated a challenge to the limits again and again, eventually overcome the life for each of us to set the vertex and the bottom line, and write their own destiny brilliant.
we learn the right technique is to ascertain the fate of mortal beings, clear winner takes iron Law: Why, in the same face of unpredictable fate, some people can be advanced rapidly on a successful career, some people are poor Haoshou Health mediocrity? why some people are full of poetry and brilliant life and out, some people do not Apprentice School was no idle operation? why some people, buildings axillary horse manure was instantaneous time fur ashes buried in a dry loess mound break up, why, some people towards the poor and lowly Xi Teng Tai Po when the blade in its full glory for generations, a country name ? and so much more.
cold night stars sometimes thin, Yanjuan meditation, found that people's honor the history of ups and downs, the luxury country depressed, really are all with their strategy, closely related trickery. In life and death struggle , proficient in trickery who can often orders the dead, lord; clumsy trickery, often only being trampled upon, suffered a crushing defeat.
to master the right technique, every moment of life for people in the competition in terms of how important it is.
a, wisdom chapter
1, the wisdom of the Warring States period important
legend, the famous military strategist strategist Sun Bin and Pang Juan studied at the same time learn art of war and strategy Guiguzi.
ghost In order to test his disciples millet, out of the exam questions to see who have the means to get him to come out of a shabby homes. Methods uncertain, time limitation, who made him out of the room, who is the winner.
start, as The Young brothers of Pang Juan and tried all sorts of ways the public, water washed, with the fire, with smoke, but Guiguzi anyone, deep, and Pang Juan, who Yigaibuli Council firmly seated inside the house does not come out. for the skill profound teacher, the use of force and coercion to blackmail approach is unable to reach the objective. known for strategy known Pang Juan in front of the teacher Guiguzi frustrated, defeated.
then play the young Sun Bin. He ran into the house and knelt down and said: Millet laughed, said: come in, do not believe the teacher you can try. let me in? life, we often encounter a lot of things need to the next decision, to decide how to achieve their own ends, to meet their own needs. But often, our plans and there is a big gap between planned and actual. Sometimes, the effort spent a lot of effort to pay a lot, but could not get the results you want. And sometimes, if we can use our brains to find some way, it is possible to achieve a multiplier effect. such as the story of Pang Juan, he racked nine cattle the power of two tigers can not achieve his purpose, and Sun Bin was light to employ cunning to successfully achieve their own aspirations.
This story, although in many cases to accomplishing many things with the power to realize our heart will, however, there are a lot of time, by virtue of the power may not be able to get things done. At this point, the role of scheme is very important. stratagem that of heavy to light, call jin four two. through clever logistics, dedicated basis, detailed planning, we can not get a lot of power and success but the final result.
2, life-changing wisdom
If the above story may be an apocryphal story from the later generations, then the following stories are real political struggle in the history of a fresh case.
hero or Pang Juan and Sun Bin.
saying Pang Juan and Sun Bin sects in Guiguzi Arts, Pang Juan consciously practice is full, then leave of the master, to the Warring States period Wei, chief overlord of the earliest finding jobs.
Wei was the son of King Hui of Wei Wei Wuhou is in power. He was very appreciated Pang Juan's personal talents and military capabilities, thanks to Pang Juan for the general, commander of the armed forces of Wei.
by Wei Pang Juan Wang reuse brilliance, however, Pang Juan petty jealousy Yin disease could, for fear of his future, Young Sun Bin will be his opponent, so he framed by Sun Bin, Sun Bin Come Wei first, and then framing it as a homogeneous States spy, torture, cut off feet, tattooing the first pattern, input imprisoned. This is known as the story of Sun Bin Pang Juan harm.
from the same root, fratricidal? Sun Bin Brother Pang Juan was well-intentioned thought , guessed it was a big conspiracy.
Sun Bin at risk, life and death moment, precarious. At this point, to begin his outstanding play strategy.
First, he play the fool, in a timely manner to avoid Pang Juan black hand, while actively sought contact with the outside world, looking for ways to de difficult.
when it is, the messenger of field visits Wei Qi. Sun Bin Trustee contact in attendance to make a timely manner, and Cheat Death to the car hidden Yu Qi at the end, racking their brains to finally escape the murderous Pang Juan.
story to not end here. Sun Bin fled to Qi, the shelter of the general tian name. in the adjuvant Tian Ji, the Sun Bin, director of the name to the annals of history's Tian Ji Horse Racing Jungong led by Wei Pang Juan Zhao, Zhao surrounded the capital Handan.
to when Hou Zhao Qi for help. advised the king presided over court remarks. the ministers the word of the holding, opinions are not uniform. At this time, once again demonstrated his Sun Bin The extraordinary talent.
He said: . Weiguo Jun team's morale is high and military power, this time shot, not only can siege of Handan Zhao successfully rescued, but will backfire, self-created the harm. Therefore, to strengthen the surveillance on the one hand, Zhao Wei, the two countries to collect intelligence, a terms of additional forces and strengthen its own military strength. until the Wei army began to attack tired of Handan, Handan going to restrain the time, and then sent his army and rescue, it will be easy to win. Sun Bin's recommendations in accordance with the strategic plan completed.
following spring, Wei Wang Tian Ji was appointed major general, led the Qi army rescue, Sun Bin was appointed military advisor, responsible for the overall strategic planning and guidance.
Sun Bin Bing Tian Ji recommendations made pingling , Wei-off grain Road. Pang Juan rushed reinforcements pingling after hearing the news, defeated the Qi.
time, made decisive Sun Bin, Wei capital of the whole army rushed beam hit the West.
Tian Ji confused, Jingwen its so.
Sun Bin said: The more reason not mess. now surrounded by Wei Jun Handan, capital is now weak, we surprise, destroy beams, Wei Jun bound to panic uncertainty, rapid return in triumph siege. At that time, the siege of Handan will solution. We then laid an ambush on the main Wei Jun must pass through, weighed down with the occasion of the Wei army to rely on the enemy, will be killing two birds with one stone, victory. capital is around, quickly return in triumph rescue, was halfway through the Qi ambushed troops suffered heavy losses.
The campaign Wei suffered the most serious since the founding of the failure of Wei's strength greatly weakened. This is the history of the famous personal life, career, the group's development, growth, prosperity for the country, with the decline of the significance of how important.
Sun Bin, when we observe the lives of the curve, if its entire life with a coordinate axis, then , then, Wei suffered the lowest point of his life, Ling campaign reached its climax in life.
as 2007 as China's stock market rising, Sun Bin's fate, along a line on the slide, by the end of life point of constantly sliding up and move closer to its the culmination of brilliant.
trajectory of his life, we will propose such a thing? is what makes a criminal who brutally cut off the feet, to get rid of the bad luck entangled in his head, and who became the top international, to achieve the glory of his life then?
answer without it, the only wisdom.
It is by virtue of life, the wisdom of this world, Sun Bin grasp people, home and family, not between nations flowing well known secret that the law of the field.
3, change the world
wisdom here, the story is still not the end.
Weiqi battle if we come out war, we look at changing the whole early Warring States Period , then we can see more problems.
studied history knows that Sima Guang in the dragged the earth into the arms of China, sub-fly turbulent times of war.
this period, the first to break the pattern of the original strategy, to dominate the world is not the state of Qin, Qi and Chu, but a splinter from the Jin Wei . After three hours Jin, Wei living in the affluent Central Plains. to Weiwen Hou period, he re-intellectuals, focusing on selection of personnel, the history of the famous reformer, Rick, Minister Ximen Bao, Qi Yue Yang, and strategists, are in the period was enough in their income. Wen Hou time national talent, The rapid growth of international strategic situation and the rise of becoming the leading power. However, the short-lived, Wei Wuhou time, drive away a mother seeking to kill his wife abandoned the official history of the great military strategist known for Qi, Wei greatly reduced military strength . Hui Wang period are also affected by the above-mentioned defeat Gui Ling, comprehensive national comprehensive frustrated, and gradually lost its dominant status of the Warring States Period chief.
Gui Ling Wei Qi a war not to stop after the war, history is still continue.
12 years later, the last being against the United Wei Zhao turn to attack South Korea, Qi decided to send troops is extended. Sun Bin beam half-way again ambush staged raids the old plays, Pang Juan quickly seen through, and change strategies , did not return to rescue the beam, but beam along the line chasing the Qi Qi army raid, soldiers attempting to wipe out the state of Qi.
Pang Juan as seen through the counsel of Sun Bin, and come prepared, and the situation becomes adverse to the QI . is the occasion of anxiety Tian Ji, Sun Bin ordered the army to retreat to avoid the military front Pang Juan. Here, Sun Bin and staged a historic night camping, all ordered soldiers to reduce cookstoves, shaped by the weakness. Pang Juan cookstoves from diminishing the number of the Qi in the Qi inferred exodus can no longer form an effective fighting, then had the idea to underestimate the enemy. He quickly catch up to Sun Bin, a defeat before the snow Gui Ling shame, is selection of the cavalry, the formation of elite units, Zhuixi QI. When the pursuers arrived at Ma-ling area, it was already dark. sentry at the foot of the large trees found a strange tree skin, Pang Juan heard the news come to view it. by Sun Bin confide a plan to smb. wait a long time for a long time already see fire ambush, suddenly Arrows like rain, Pang Juan spot famous meteorite life generation.
The campaign, Wei wiped out an elite, rapid strength decline in international prestige plummeted, Wei overlooking the congregation from a small drop for the second class of national supremacy, had to let out of the Warring States hegemony in the world. Sun Bin by virtue of their wisdom, pointing landscape, laughing rivers and lakes, to a large extent changed the fate of a nation.
If we follow the logic of historical development of ancient carefully comb the rise and rise and fall of national history, we can see that similar to Chi-hsiang Sun Bin Qi, and ultimately from the hegemony Wei topple the throne and replaced by the examples of Qi Fu never in the book. One of the most famous Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang is planning with superhuman ability of soil crack auxiliary champion Liu Bei, one-third of the world, not only changed the fate of Liu Bei, but also rewritten China's history.
historical contexts, we found that a truly wise person, you can properly use their wisdom, flexibility to control people and things around so that mode of operation according to their needs.
And, the real wisdom and planning, not only for the fate of individuals, the fate of the groups, even for the fate of the country, is also essential. ancient saying goes: a word enough to make the country prosperous, a word is sufficient to ruin the country. history, such as late-bloomer, Zhang, Wang Meng, Zhuge Liang, Liu Ji and other intellectual superior who can actually change a country by virtue of its wisdom, the fate of a dynasty.
can be seen, wisdom, for each of us, for each group For each country, how essential.
which can know wisdom, for each of our hard work in life are the elite, but also is much less important.
also know this to cultivate wisdom, for in the national social transition in human history, evolving from the industrial to the information during major upheaval in the global pattern of integration of people, is the top priority of all activities.
We can not wish of the gift of fate, because luck is opportunity which can not; we can not rely solely on talent and instinct, because, after all, is something emotional instability, or even unreliable; we must rely on reason, rely on wisdom, and through rational analysis, serious thinking, in-depth internal pattern of things to explore and contact, accurate grasp of the individual, grasp the social, grasp of the world, or even to grasp the whole universe. In this way, can we truly in life, to encounter less failure and more successful.
4, courage, wisdom important
than human competition is endless, is ruthless. The world is full of mutual competition and sharp opposition, jungle, life and death was originally a biological tragedy continue to unfold. In nature, plants natural selection between the survival of the fittest, and in animals feed off shrimp have proved: to maintain the survival of their species, competition for resources and seeking further development of the nature of all species. Although the human is the soul, is the enlightened and civilized species, and with the progress of human civilization, means and methods of competition have been bloody naked from the nascent stages of the transition to the elegance of contemporary civilization way, however, human society, not war What remains is not still looting Why not remain fierce competition with each other it? from human to nature, to the entire earth, dragged each other arms, battling the root causes of is a resource.
resources what is it? can be a high-rise luxury cars, which can be high above, can be a life or death. resources, access to the human society, the general performance of the material information, namely, production and livelihood. On top of this resource is also reflected in money, fame and power.
Because resources are scarce, limited resources and unlimited possession there is always a huge gap, so the struggle for scarce resources will be commonplace. far not said that since the 20th century human beings say the three World War II, the two hot war a cold war, is human resources and benefits to compete for their own subdivision and waging aggressive war. As for daily life, the scarcity of resources in order to win the fight started it is everywhere. For example, the market tricks on the merchants, scholars and scholars in the partisan, and the bureaucratic infighting on the officials, these are the people to win the competition for scarce resources.
because resources are scarce, in order to capture scarce resources, people Eight Immortals recount. Some looting through violence, and some through deception to obtain, and some through the trading exchange, and some by request blackmail, and so means to name a few.
Since there is competition, there will be opposition both sides, there will be conflicts and fierce struggle. any struggle is not embroidery, are not 温良恭俭让, sometimes, the competition will become even bloody. this time, how to efficiently through competition, to maximize access to their own benefits, while maximizing the reduction in their losses, which have become the concern of the people.
competition will require courage and determination, you need to target people for their own efforts to make the greatest extent. Here , wisdom, courage is more important than that. In life, there is no lack of those intellectual generation, not only out of a total, ghosts are scared. they are often able to become any of the rat race and control of the game in their hands, and then move the counsel, devised strategies, winning thousands of miles away. such a person, rich experience in struggle and the struggle mature wisdom, and has a keen intuition and the wisdom of the mind, they are never in the fight against blind impulse, not emotional, not wishful thinking , but not arbitrary. any activity during the time they always have to go through complex calculations, through careful reasoning, through strict judge, finally, to make an approximation as possible to judge the truth and, in the course of action in fact be changing as at any time make a new judge and adjust their own actions. On the contrary, there are some things. such a person is unwilling to use their brains, who refused to study the truth of things, is the determination, has not dogged spirit, but they can never go deep into the internal matters of the law to reveal its true, but always with Pifuzhiyong, so brute force, with the stupid strong, foolhardy. This people, often under a laundry list of martial arts, eventually 竹篮打水一场空.
strategy Masterpieces of Ancient In war, the real master, not necessarily to be able to see through the resort a winner. the real master, long before the war through a series of stylistic rules and cloth potential, resulting in the inevitable victory of the situation. With this posture display, the other player completely lost the courage and confidence to fight to achieve instead of and subdue the enemy, is the competition to achieve the best results.
So, in the competition, courage is important, but, really decide the outcome, but it is one level of wisdom. We in the competition process not only has a most drastic, take a fall of courage, but also to have a cautious, such as hair and the wisdom of global control.
human competition is endless, is ruthless. The world is full of mutual competition and sharp opposition, law of the jungle, life and death continue to unfold had the tragedy that is biological. In nature, plants between natural selection, survival of the fittest, and in animals feed off shrimp have proved: to maintain the survival of their species, competition for resources, and seeking further development of the nature of all species. Although the human is the soul, is the enlightened and civilized species, and with the progress of human civilization, means and methods of competition have been bloody naked from the nascent stages of the transition to the elegant way of contemporary civilization, but human society, not war What remains is not still looting what, do not remain fierce competition with each other it? from human to nature, to the entire earth, dragged each other arms , battling the root causes, is a resource.
resources what is it? men and women can be a diet, which can be high-rise luxury cars, which can be high above, can be a life or death. resources, access to the human society, the general performance of the material information, namely, production and livelihood. On top of this resource is also reflected in the money fame and power.
because resources are scarce, limited resources and unlimited possession there is always a huge gap, so the struggle for scarce resources will be commonplace. far do not say, say human beings into three times since the 20th century world wars, two hot war a cold war that is the human resources and benefits to compete for their own subdivision and waging aggressive war. As for daily life, the scarcity of resources in order to win the struggle it is to start anywhere visible. For example, market traders tricks, academic scholars in the partisan, and the bureaucratic infighting on the officials, these are the people to win the competition for scarce resources.
because resources are scarce, in order to capture scarce resources, people will Baxianguohai recount. Some looting through violence, and some through deception to obtain, and some through the trading exchange, and some by request blackmail, and so means to name a few.
Since there is competition , there will be on opposite sides, there will be conflicts and fierce struggle. any struggle is not embroidery, are not 温良恭俭让, sometimes, the competition will become even bloody. this time, how effectively through competition, the largest of access to their own interests, while maximizing the reduction in their losses, which have become the concerns of the people.
competition will require courage and determination, you need people to make their goals and maximize efforts. Here,UGGs, wisdom, courage is more important than that. In life, there is no lack of those intellectual generation, not only out of a total, ghosts are scared. they are often able to become any of the rat race and control of the game at its disposal, Then the counsel of action, devised strategies, winning thousands of miles away. such a person, rich experience in struggle and the struggle mature wisdom, and has a keen intuition and the wisdom of the mind, they are never in the fight against blind impulse, not emotional, not wishful thinking, but not arbitrary. they are carrying out any activity, always to go through complex calculations, through careful reasoning, through strict judge, finally, to make an approximation as possible to determine the truth, And, in the course of action will be changing with the fact that, at any time make a new judge and adjust their own actions. On the contrary, there are some beat ass leave the matter. such a person is unwilling to use their brains, people who refuse to study the truth of things, is the also have perseverance, has not dogged spirit, but they can never go deep into the things revealed in the internal law of the real, but always with Pifuzhiyong, so brute force, with the stupid strong, there Yong-free plan. such a person, often a laundry list under effort, eventually 竹篮打水一场空.
strategy Masterpieces of Ancient means is that in war, the real masters, will not necessarily be able to see through the resort a winner. the real master, long before the war through a series of stylistic rules and cloth potential, resulting in the inevitable victory of the situation. In this situation the display, the other player completely lost the courage and confidence to fight to achieve instead of areas. the enemy without fighting the soldiers, is the competition to achieve the best results.
So, in the competition, courage is important, but, really decide the outcome, but it is one level of wisdom. We are in a competitive process, not only to have a drastic, through fire and water of courage, but also to have a cautious, such as hair, control of global wisdom.
5, how to cultivate the wisdom of the struggle
Chairman Mao said: learn war. thought and research, for a rich experience in their struggle to master beat the great wisdom.
develop wisdom, we must distinguish the small difference between intelligence and great wisdom. All around us, some people are always smooth sailing competition in the workplace. They it seems that things never had to in-depth study of the entire context, it never seems troubled by the success and failure. They always With luck, by virtue of flexibility, intuition, indomitable career.
Yes, indeed there is such one of us. Their success comes partly from its own efforts, on the one hand from those slim unknown factors. These people with the envy of success. when they are in the process of growing up, they think to deal with things the model has been fixed, and the formation of a stable, unchanging routine. when their ways of thinking and objective things, the development of identities coincide, they naturally tend to make a lot of things. This time in work is entirely by virtue of their feelings, rather than rational analysis. However, that is, relying on such a feeling, they also tend to be successful. such a person We usually call it smart.
But we say, this type of intelligent, not really great wisdom, but the human world smart. really big wisdom is experienced frustrations and tribulations After about life and life and in-depth consideration of a new grasp. cleverness is superficial and is the surface, is random; great wisdom is profound, is the precipitation, is stable. Many successful persons So often followed in the success of failure because they can not really sum up the successful experience of its success. Moreover, the success of some people, not brains come, not too hard calculations, or, despite Some are true, but they can not sort out a rational re-experience their success, can not be experience into a rational understanding and use to guide their new round of competition. So, when the new pattern when the Battle of , there will be the experience of outdated, rigid ideas to fetter their minds, guide them to fail.
So the real successful people, and not merely superficial aspects of a successful, but through their own or others successful experience or method of doing things, draw closer to the truth, in line with the rational understanding of the facts. and this knowledge is more scientific, is to some extent, from the perceptual stage and into the rational, therefore, is more reliable. this understanding, this way of thinking, is really big smart. distinguish between cleverness and great wisdom for us to explore their own potential, to avoid their own illnesses, has very important significance.
strategy, since ancient times People deal with things rationally correctly concluded, based on the most efficient way to achieve their purpose. learning strategies that can make a person more mature, more intelligent, able to quickly raise a person's intelligence and spirituality, people can make things complicated the process of rapid evolution find the Liu's story.
According to legend, Qin Shi Huang, after destruction of the six countries, South Korea determined to assassinate Emperor Qin Zhang aristocratic descent, reported the destruction of family revenge destroy the country. He Bo Lang Sha assassination after the failure of anonymity, exile Xia Pi. One day, he is hanging bridge, and suddenly saw a strange old man behavior. The old man saw Zhang, deliberately thrown off the bridge will be a shoe, and then shouted: was depressed to hear this old man is extremely unreasonable demands, ready to rush to Xiang and started throwing punches, but look at his old and feeble, barely refrained. and he a good man to do in the end, not only to pick up old shoes, and respectfully serve the elderly to wear shoes. the old man look so gentle respectful Zhang Liang, then said to him: finished, walk away.
Zhang perverse behavior although I think the old man, but his appearance from the old man see that this is not an ordinary person. He choked back home in curiosity. Three days later, he played a big early, rushed to the bridge. But surprisingly, the elderly has long been waiting a long time for the bridge. he saw Zhang, suddenly said angrily: At this point, we meet again. determined to explore what happens, see what the old man in the end to go in strange.
days later, he once again came to the bridge. let his surprise the old man asked him to. the old man scolded his meal, tell He came three days later. Zhang is a Su-roots. He came to realize that this old man who seems to do. So, just after midnight three days later, he would discredit ...
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Broadband wireless access market for the same the same thing with different technologies
Abstract: The nomadic and mobile broadband wireless access will become an important future market demand for communications. WiMax (802.16d / e) is dedicated to the development of this demand, performance, high efficiency and low cost. The flexible system can be configured to meet the requirements of various application scenarios. The basic technology is mainly: Fast planning and scheduling to achieve shared packet data burst consisting of multiple sub-channel wireless link; adaptive modulation and coding; fast automatic retransmission. to further the use of MIMO and other space time processing techniques to improve performance .3 G business needs in accordance with the design of voice-based, connection-oriented, to provide fixed-bandwidth channels for IP packet data burst efficiency is very low. In order to enter the broadband wireless access market, 3GPP development was referred to as 3.5G's HSPA (1xEV DO), can greatly improve the packet data transmission rate. In order to compete with WiMax in late 2004 decided to develop long-term evolution of 3GPP plans LTE, the indicators and with the WiMax technology is similar can be said the same thing. face competition on the LTE, WiMax broadband wireless access market in order to a place must have good frequency, the use of terrestrial television broadcasting frequencies to provide large area coverage and lower costs will greatly increase the competitiveness of WiMax.
Keywords WiMax ; 802.16d / e; 3G; HSDPA; HSUPA; OFDMA
1 Introduction
With the development of PDA and the popularity of notebook computers, users want to anytime, anywhere Internet access, a new market mm into the common core network, service support, and AAA systems. broadband wireless access rate required to achieve a few hundred kbit / s or even tens of Mbit / s, the terminal is mainly laptops and PDA.
current 2.5G/3G Mobile Phone data services and broadband wireless access are two different market segments. mobile data business is basically a private network, download speeds in the 100 kbit / s or less. smart phones can access the Internet, but the performance is not satisfactory without the formation of mainstream .3 G system can not effectively meet the needs of this market. At present 3G mobile communication is the 3.5G (HSDPA / EV-DO) evolution, began to enter the broadband wireless access market.
WiMax by IEEE 802.16d / e is fixed (nomadic ) / mobile broadband wireless metropolitan area network, the radio link layer of the physical layer and MAC has been specifically designed to meet the sudden type of packet data services, to adaptive wireless channel environment, and the core network is a standard IP network. IEEE 802.21 was developed 802 series to solve a variety of wired / wireless, fixed / mobile network (Wi-Fi,, WiMax and fixed Ethernet, etc.) and cellular mobile communication protocol between the IP-based mobile roaming and handover issues. this system meet the IP of the technology trends, with superior performance.
3G systems to support IP data services in the spectrum of low efficiency because of its connection-oriented structure of the fixed bandwidth, burst not meet the demand for IP data services. To this end , added in the 3GPP R5 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA, known as 3.5G), the rate can be achieved under good 10Mbit / s or more. will increase further in the R6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), All IP core network is also to network evolution. To be able to compete with WiMax, 3GPP in late 2004 decided to develop long-term evolution of plans LTE (referred to as 3.9G).
2 fixed (nomadic) / mobile broadband wireless access 802.16d / e
IEEE 802 working group in its 802.3 Ethernet working group within the parallel development of a series of fixed / mobile broadband wireless access technologies, including 802.11 wireless LANs, wireless personal area network 802.15, and 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network Wireless wide area network 802.20. their radio link layer of the physical layer and MAC has been specifically designed to meet the sudden type of packet data service, adaptive wireless channel environment, and shared core network is a standard IP network. IEEE 802.21 was developed to solve 802 series of the above, and fixed Ethernet access networks and cellular mobile communication network based on mobile IP protocol between the roaming and handover issues. This system was in compliance and IP based NGN technology trends, with superior performance. 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network originally used to provide high-speed line of sight point to point wireless links, Link will use to cook with 802.11a wireless access hotspots to connect to the Internet, but also links to companies and families to a wired backbone environment. operating frequency of 10 ~ 60GHz. for further development to-multipoint, non-sight broadband wireless access network, 802.16a, cable modem and DSL can be used as a supplement to provide fixed wireless broadband access, frequency reduced to 2 ~ 11GHz. was further improved to become 802.16 d, and then further developed into mobile applications to support 802.16e, frequency reduced to 2 ~ 6 GHz.
802.16d / e runtime environment with reference to 3GPP (ETSI TR 101 112) operating environment is defined:
1 ) indoor environment, indoor use of pico-cell base stations, coverage radius (r) <100 m;
2) outdoor to indoor and nomadic, the use of micro-cell, 100 m 3) and high antenna inside the vehicle, the use of macro-cell, coverage radius (r)> 1000 m;
4) mixed, macro-cell and micro-cell overlap.
802.16 There are several different physical layer options for cellular use, suitable for different applications, frequency plans and policies.
1) OFDM (WirelessMAN-OFDM air interface) 256-point FFT, using time division multiple access TDMA (TDD TDD / FDD Frequency Division Duplex ).
2) OFDMA (WirelessMAN-OFDMA air interface) 2048 point FFT, uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access OFDMA (TDD / FDD).
3) single-carrier frequency (WirelessMAN-SCa. air interface) TDMA (TDD / FDD) BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM. most manufacturers use the frequency domain equalizer compensation for multipath interference caused by frequency decline to address the problem of channel equalization.
Single carrier frequency of the transmission system is mainly used for point to point, does not meet the demand for broadband access.
present, most commercial systems use 256OFDM, multiple access with TDMA. This method is simple and easy to implement. However, due to the client terminal transmit power by the peak average power ratio (PAR) constraints, the radio link must use an outdoor antenna gain is not enough to provide gain over ten db (such as 3.5GHz fixed broadband wireless access), because of the need to use an outdoor antenna, in fact, such systems can not support nomadic laptop mobile broadband wireless access applications. As most of the WiMax equipment maker is from the original 3.5 GHz fixed wireless access equipment manufacturers turn to, so most of the current WiMax products in this category, can not support the nomadic laptop application.
for nomadic / mobile broadband wireless access systems require the application of orthogonal frequency division multiple access OFDMA.OFDMA combination of time division and frequency division multiple access technology. the client terminal in the uplink sub-set using only a few frequency, transmission power can be concentrated in these sub-carrier frequency, the increase more than ten dB SNR to meet the laptop needs 0dB antenna indoor reception. In fact 802.16d (2004) has been defined in this work, but the equipment Manufacturers focus on doing an outdoor antenna 256OFDM TDMA fixed access systems. but will leave such a system to solve 802.16e, WiMax delay the development process.
802.16a / d of the media access control layer MAC layer required to support OFDM / OFDMA, supports automatic retransmission ARQ. do not permit the use of dynamic frequency band can select (DFS). he could support additional advanced antenna systems, Advanced Antenna System (AAS) in order to provide higher performance, you can also support network Mesh Mode-like model to work to provide customers TDD direct communication between the client. This approach can only work in non-license band.
802.16d the smaller the cell radius, can provide higher capacity. in the outdoor nomad state, cellular radius of 2.5 km, each cell capacity can reach 4.31 bit / sec / Hz. bandwidth of 5 MHz, in order to 21.5 Mbit / s, is the WCDMA several times. through the use of multi-antenna MIMO space-time processing can further improve the rate of several times.
3 3G high-speed packet data services development efforts
3GPP and 3GPP2 are aware of their current systems used to provide limited Internet access business, the system attempts within the framework of the original, first downlink packet access technology used, a substantial increase download and streaming IP data rate.
3GPP R5 after the system was introduced in HSDPA standards, and the introduction of HSUPA R6 standard. HSDPA using the 802.16d / e similar to the three technologies: adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), fast hybrid automatic retransmission (HARQ) and fast scheduling time division multiple access, to improve the downlink data rate of data to meet the requirements of packet data burst.
fast scheduling shared multi-user multiplexing downlink (uplink) high-speed shared data channel HS-PDSCH. every 2 ms using a short time frame scheduling the channel resources allocated to multiple users, type of packet data burst to adapt to provide high average throughput.
with 802.16d / e in the use of OFDMA different, HSDPA uses code division multiplexing, code division multiplexing by multiple sub-channel multiplexed together to form the downlink data channel. HS-DSCH sub-channel frame length is 2 ms , contains three time slots. subchannel will be mapped to HS-DSCH physical channel spread spectrum techniques used, expand the spectrum using a fixed number of SF = 16 are the physical sub-channel HS-PDSCH.15 a spread-spectrum sub-channel HS-PDSCH physical Through a combination of code division multiplexing constitute the total HS-DSCH. In this way, client station code division and time division based shared channel in two ways. HSDPA and 802.16d / e in the shared packet data channel is the same principle, are In the sub-channel and time slot on the planning and scheduling. but 802.16d/ed subchannels to be able to offer more, and more flexible scheduling.
HSDPA also uses adaptive modulation and coding, once every 2ms channel quality measurement, According to the channel quality index (CQI), decided to adopt the modulation and coding methods. using different parameters, and QAM modulation QPSK. using a physical sub-channel QPSK modulation transfer rate of 480 kbit / s, using 64QAM modulation to 1440 kbit / s, increased threefold. and above 15 HS-PDSCH physical channel code division multiplexing rate equal to 15 times increase. Taken together, the increase rate of 45 times. This is just a rough estimate, explain why within the framework of the WCDMA, the use of fast scheduling and adaptive modulation and coding rate to provide the number of times. reach the 802.11d / e standard can be compared.
HSDPA Another key technique used is a fast hybrid automatic retransmission (HARQ). The main principle is : receiver in the case of decoding failure, save the received data and request retransmission of the data sender, the receiver will be retransmitted data and the data previously received before the decoding combinations. hybrid automatic retransmission technology can improve system performance, and flexibility to adjust the effective symbol rate, you can compensate for link adaptation brought about by error. In WCDMA R5 after the introduction of HSDPA technology, UTRAN part of the structure of essentially the same, by the Node B increase the card, added a MAC-hs block, and in the physical layer added three new physical channel: 15 high-speed physical downlink shared channel, a high-speed shared control channel and a group of high-speed dedicated physical control channel uplink .
HSDPA Another improvement is to move the scheduling base station by the base station controller, which can reduce the delay. Currently, 3GPP organization such as MIMO and higher order modulation technology in further research, hoping to further improve the downlink link data rate. HSDPA typical rate of actual use: macrocell is 1 ~ 1.5 Mbit / s, micro cellular 4 ~ 6 Mbit / s, slightly cellular> 8 Mbit / s.
will be in 3GPP R6 the introduction of HSUPA uplink packet to solve problems and improve upstream. and then further to the introduction of adaptive beamforming and MIMO antenna array processing techniques such as downlink peak rate will be increased to 30 Mbit / s or so.
HSDPA and HSUPA is called medium-term evolution of 3.5G technology is technology, greater restraint by the original system. performance is not ideal .3 GPP found in the deployment of HSDPA and the ITU have a gap between B3G, this is the goal of WiMax. In a period of time, in broadband wireless access market, competition will be at a disadvantage with WiMax. To improve the 3G broadband wireless access in the emerging competitive market, get rid of Qualcom's CDMA patent constraints, need to develop long-term evolution technology LTE (long term evolution), to fill this a gap. The basic idea is to use the past for the development of B3G or 4G technology to the development of LTE, using the 3G spectrum for broadband wireless access market share in December 2004 when Athens was decided 3GPP 3GPP RAN working group responsible for carrying out long-term evolution LTE radio interface of .2006 June completed in June 2007 LTE standard release. participate in the work, including 200 members of the 3GPP.
LTE radio will select a new air interface standards (OFDMA loud voice), the use of bandwidth from 1.25MHz to 20MHz, speed downlink capacity of 100 Mbit / s, upstream 50 Mbit / s.LTE will also develop a new network structure. Prior to the evolution of 3GPP is in the original programs, including HSPDA RAN and core network based on the gradual evolution of more restricted . LTE will be in the original 3G radio access network, the establishment of a new all-IP radio access network (RAN), and pure IP convergence with the fixed core network. to meet the needs of broadband wireless access. This move Communications will no longer be a system, but only to provide broadband mobile wireless access. truly converged fixed and mobile networks. LTE working group is now in full swing starting from the fully operational needs. As opinion within the 3GPP, and is not completely unified, do not want to let go of the original system from scratch is still very powerful forces that can achieve booking goals are still some problems.
LTE in our country and the corresponding program is called plan and B3G E3G.863 FUTURE plans are considered the corresponding for the development of E3G, in LTE development work. in 3GPP2 is being called the implementation of air interface similar to the evolution of AIE (air interface evolution) evolution program.
4 future broadband wireless access market, the competitive situation
WiMax is intended for broadband wireless access market, 3G mobile communication is intended for cellular phone-based mobile communication system, generally speaking, is a complementary relationship between them. But when the 3GPP for the development of broadband wireless access market HSDPA, particularly after the emergence of LTE development of competition. From the above analysis we can see the face of WiMax and 3GPP LTE is the same market, the indicators are similar, the use of technology is similar can be said the same thing. < br> 3GPP LTE is a decision to develop a strategic decision for the future development of its far-reaching impact. Although LTE's ability to shake off the shackles of the original architecture, there are problems, but its members are the mainstream of current 3G operators , the force and frequency of use of a 3G license, even if the performance of their LTE development, worse, in the broadband wireless access market still has a strong competitive edge. and once they have LTE will no longer consider the use of WiMax and other competitive technology. In addition, LTE frequency of use of 3G, or even use the 2G frequency, better penetration, higher cost performance support system.
WiMax by the IT industry of broadband wireless access technology, in the absence of the original system of constraints, most broadband access market. Since the emergence of LTE, operators may use WIMax main fixed network operators and new operators to enter the competition. Intel and other IT equipment manufacturers the firm is WiMax, a strong supporter of, they want to enter through the WiMax broadband wireless access market. Intel to bundle in the future WiMax notebook promises enhanced the competitiveness of WiMax.
WiMax development of today's major problems plagued is the frequency of the problem. is already accepted is 3.4 ~ 3.8 GHz frequency license, and 5.725 ~ 5.85 GHz frequency license-free frequency. Many countries allow the use of higher frequencies, its license-exempt 5 GHz band as part of the purpose of for outdoor applications. because of their poor penetrating power, the use of these frequencies WiMax and LTE system can not compete. awaiting approval is 2.3 ~ 2.7 GHz frequency license, only South Korea will be 2.3 ~ 2.4 GHz frequency allocated to WiMax. International the main focus for 2.5 ~ 2.6 GHz frequency. these frequencies are still high, compared with the performance of 3G mobile communication frequencies less.
WiMax broadband wireless access to the development of the best and may choose to use television broadcast band (UHF .) penetration of the UHF channels can achieve a large area of good coverage, easy to reduce costs and improve competitiveness. many parts of the world began the fight for distribution of <1 GHz frequency bands for broadband wireless access efforts. in the United States is +-free license to use license for the band. has been sold to the channel 54,55,59 (710 ~ 722 MHz, 740 ~ 746 MHz), lower frequency of future auctions Channel (698 ~ 746 MHz) or higher frequency Channels (747 ~ 794 MHz). In China Radio Management Committee has 798 ~ 862 MHz frequency from SARFT to directly manage their own hands to recover.
consultations in the United States is lower than the 700 MHz license-free use of empty TV channels. U.S. FCC must make sense to use these radio frequencies to avoid interference. this IEEE established the IEEE 802.22 wireless local area network aware (WRAN) Standards Working Group (November 2004). Its purpose is the development of air interface (MAC and PHY ) in various geographical regions to provide broadband wireless access, including sparsely populated rural areas, with the interference protection mechanisms for users to use as a secondary TV 54 ~ 862 MHz frequency band. WiMax so one more competitor. as this, IEEE 802.16 Working Group has set up a IEEE802.16h, dedicated to improving media access control, such as strategies and other mechanisms to ensure enhanced IEEE 802.16-based license-free coexistence between systems, as well as a major user of the system coexistence between. IEEE 802.16h to WiMax to meet FCC requirements, as a secondary user with a blank terrestrial TV channels.
terrestrial TV frequency of use of blank WiMax systems will have excellent performance and extremely competitive. especially in rural and remote areas, will be to eliminate the Conclusion
nomadic and mobile broadband wireless access will become an important future market demand for communications. WiMax (802.16d / e) is dedicated to the development of this demand, performance, high efficiency and low cost. Through its flexible system configuration to meet the requirements of various application scenarios .3 G is based on the design of voice-based business needs, can not meet the demand for broadband wireless access. In order to enter the broadband wireless access market, 3GPP 3.5G development known as the HSPA (1xEV DO ) after the remains inadequate, in order to compete with WiMax plans 3GPP decided to develop long-term evolution of LTE, the indicators and with the WiMax technology is similar can be said the same thing. WiMax frequency allocation by the development of the constraints, can use the terrestrial television broadcast band on WiMax essential for the development.
(Author: Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of High Performance Network)
Keywords WiMax ; 802.16d / e; 3G; HSDPA; HSUPA; OFDMA
1 Introduction
With the development of PDA and the popularity of notebook computers, users want to anytime, anywhere Internet access, a new market mm into the common core network, service support, and AAA systems. broadband wireless access rate required to achieve a few hundred kbit / s or even tens of Mbit / s, the terminal is mainly laptops and PDA.
current 2.5G/3G Mobile Phone data services and broadband wireless access are two different market segments. mobile data business is basically a private network, download speeds in the 100 kbit / s or less. smart phones can access the Internet, but the performance is not satisfactory without the formation of mainstream .3 G system can not effectively meet the needs of this market. At present 3G mobile communication is the 3.5G (HSDPA / EV-DO) evolution, began to enter the broadband wireless access market.
WiMax by IEEE 802.16d / e is fixed (nomadic ) / mobile broadband wireless metropolitan area network, the radio link layer of the physical layer and MAC has been specifically designed to meet the sudden type of packet data services, to adaptive wireless channel environment, and the core network is a standard IP network. IEEE 802.21 was developed 802 series to solve a variety of wired / wireless, fixed / mobile network (Wi-Fi,, WiMax and fixed Ethernet, etc.) and cellular mobile communication protocol between the IP-based mobile roaming and handover issues. this system meet the IP of the technology trends, with superior performance.
3G systems to support IP data services in the spectrum of low efficiency because of its connection-oriented structure of the fixed bandwidth, burst not meet the demand for IP data services. To this end , added in the 3GPP R5 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA, known as 3.5G), the rate can be achieved under good 10Mbit / s or more. will increase further in the R6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), All IP core network is also to network evolution. To be able to compete with WiMax, 3GPP in late 2004 decided to develop long-term evolution of plans LTE (referred to as 3.9G).
2 fixed (nomadic) / mobile broadband wireless access 802.16d / e
IEEE 802 working group in its 802.3 Ethernet working group within the parallel development of a series of fixed / mobile broadband wireless access technologies, including 802.11 wireless LANs, wireless personal area network 802.15, and 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network Wireless wide area network 802.20. their radio link layer of the physical layer and MAC has been specifically designed to meet the sudden type of packet data service, adaptive wireless channel environment, and shared core network is a standard IP network. IEEE 802.21 was developed to solve 802 series of the above, and fixed Ethernet access networks and cellular mobile communication network based on mobile IP protocol between the roaming and handover issues. This system was in compliance and IP based NGN technology trends, with superior performance. 802.16 wireless metropolitan area network originally used to provide high-speed line of sight point to point wireless links, Link will use to cook with 802.11a wireless access hotspots to connect to the Internet, but also links to companies and families to a wired backbone environment. operating frequency of 10 ~ 60GHz. for further development to-multipoint, non-sight broadband wireless access network, 802.16a, cable modem and DSL can be used as a supplement to provide fixed wireless broadband access, frequency reduced to 2 ~ 11GHz. was further improved to become 802.16 d, and then further developed into mobile applications to support 802.16e, frequency reduced to 2 ~ 6 GHz.
802.16d / e runtime environment with reference to 3GPP (ETSI TR 101 112) operating environment is defined:
1 ) indoor environment, indoor use of pico-cell base stations, coverage radius (r) <100 m;
2) outdoor to indoor and nomadic, the use of micro-cell, 100 m 3) and high antenna inside the vehicle, the use of macro-cell, coverage radius (r)> 1000 m;
4) mixed, macro-cell and micro-cell overlap.
802.16 There are several different physical layer options for cellular use, suitable for different applications, frequency plans and policies.
1) OFDM (WirelessMAN-OFDM air interface) 256-point FFT, using time division multiple access TDMA (TDD TDD / FDD Frequency Division Duplex ).
2) OFDMA (WirelessMAN-OFDMA air interface) 2048 point FFT, uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access OFDMA (TDD / FDD).
3) single-carrier frequency (WirelessMAN-SCa. air interface) TDMA (TDD / FDD) BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM. most manufacturers use the frequency domain equalizer compensation for multipath interference caused by frequency decline to address the problem of channel equalization.
Single carrier frequency of the transmission system is mainly used for point to point, does not meet the demand for broadband access.
present, most commercial systems use 256OFDM, multiple access with TDMA. This method is simple and easy to implement. However, due to the client terminal transmit power by the peak average power ratio (PAR) constraints, the radio link must use an outdoor antenna gain is not enough to provide gain over ten db (such as 3.5GHz fixed broadband wireless access), because of the need to use an outdoor antenna, in fact, such systems can not support nomadic laptop mobile broadband wireless access applications. As most of the WiMax equipment maker is from the original 3.5 GHz fixed wireless access equipment manufacturers turn to, so most of the current WiMax products in this category, can not support the nomadic laptop application.
for nomadic / mobile broadband wireless access systems require the application of orthogonal frequency division multiple access OFDMA.OFDMA combination of time division and frequency division multiple access technology. the client terminal in the uplink sub-set using only a few frequency, transmission power can be concentrated in these sub-carrier frequency, the increase more than ten dB SNR to meet the laptop needs 0dB antenna indoor reception. In fact 802.16d (2004) has been defined in this work, but the equipment Manufacturers focus on doing an outdoor antenna 256OFDM TDMA fixed access systems. but will leave such a system to solve 802.16e, WiMax delay the development process.
802.16a / d of the media access control layer MAC layer required to support OFDM / OFDMA, supports automatic retransmission ARQ. do not permit the use of dynamic frequency band can select (DFS). he could support additional advanced antenna systems, Advanced Antenna System (AAS) in order to provide higher performance, you can also support network Mesh Mode-like model to work to provide customers TDD direct communication between the client. This approach can only work in non-license band.
802.16d the smaller the cell radius, can provide higher capacity. in the outdoor nomad state, cellular radius of 2.5 km, each cell capacity can reach 4.31 bit / sec / Hz. bandwidth of 5 MHz, in order to 21.5 Mbit / s, is the WCDMA several times. through the use of multi-antenna MIMO space-time processing can further improve the rate of several times.
3 3G high-speed packet data services development efforts
3GPP and 3GPP2 are aware of their current systems used to provide limited Internet access business, the system attempts within the framework of the original, first downlink packet access technology used, a substantial increase download and streaming IP data rate.
3GPP R5 after the system was introduced in HSDPA standards, and the introduction of HSUPA R6 standard. HSDPA using the 802.16d / e similar to the three technologies: adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), fast hybrid automatic retransmission (HARQ) and fast scheduling time division multiple access, to improve the downlink data rate of data to meet the requirements of packet data burst.
fast scheduling shared multi-user multiplexing downlink (uplink) high-speed shared data channel HS-PDSCH. every 2 ms using a short time frame scheduling the channel resources allocated to multiple users, type of packet data burst to adapt to provide high average throughput.
with 802.16d / e in the use of OFDMA different, HSDPA uses code division multiplexing, code division multiplexing by multiple sub-channel multiplexed together to form the downlink data channel. HS-DSCH sub-channel frame length is 2 ms , contains three time slots. subchannel will be mapped to HS-DSCH physical channel spread spectrum techniques used, expand the spectrum using a fixed number of SF = 16 are the physical sub-channel HS-PDSCH.15 a spread-spectrum sub-channel HS-PDSCH physical Through a combination of code division multiplexing constitute the total HS-DSCH. In this way, client station code division and time division based shared channel in two ways. HSDPA and 802.16d / e in the shared packet data channel is the same principle, are In the sub-channel and time slot on the planning and scheduling. but 802.16d/ed subchannels to be able to offer more, and more flexible scheduling.
HSDPA also uses adaptive modulation and coding, once every 2ms channel quality measurement, According to the channel quality index (CQI), decided to adopt the modulation and coding methods. using different parameters, and QAM modulation QPSK. using a physical sub-channel QPSK modulation transfer rate of 480 kbit / s, using 64QAM modulation to 1440 kbit / s, increased threefold. and above 15 HS-PDSCH physical channel code division multiplexing rate equal to 15 times increase. Taken together, the increase rate of 45 times. This is just a rough estimate, explain why within the framework of the WCDMA, the use of fast scheduling and adaptive modulation and coding rate to provide the number of times. reach the 802.11d / e standard can be compared.
HSDPA Another key technique used is a fast hybrid automatic retransmission (HARQ). The main principle is : receiver in the case of decoding failure, save the received data and request retransmission of the data sender, the receiver will be retransmitted data and the data previously received before the decoding combinations. hybrid automatic retransmission technology can improve system performance, and flexibility to adjust the effective symbol rate, you can compensate for link adaptation brought about by error. In WCDMA R5 after the introduction of HSDPA technology, UTRAN part of the structure of essentially the same, by the Node B increase the card, added a MAC-hs block, and in the physical layer added three new physical channel: 15 high-speed physical downlink shared channel, a high-speed shared control channel and a group of high-speed dedicated physical control channel uplink .
HSDPA Another improvement is to move the scheduling base station by the base station controller, which can reduce the delay. Currently, 3GPP organization such as MIMO and higher order modulation technology in further research, hoping to further improve the downlink link data rate. HSDPA typical rate of actual use: macrocell is 1 ~ 1.5 Mbit / s, micro cellular 4 ~ 6 Mbit / s, slightly cellular> 8 Mbit / s.
will be in 3GPP R6 the introduction of HSUPA uplink packet to solve problems and improve upstream. and then further to the introduction of adaptive beamforming and MIMO antenna array processing techniques such as downlink peak rate will be increased to 30 Mbit / s or so.
HSDPA and HSUPA is called medium-term evolution of 3.5G technology is technology, greater restraint by the original system. performance is not ideal .3 GPP found in the deployment of HSDPA and the ITU have a gap between B3G, this is the goal of WiMax. In a period of time, in broadband wireless access market, competition will be at a disadvantage with WiMax. To improve the 3G broadband wireless access in the emerging competitive market, get rid of Qualcom's CDMA patent constraints, need to develop long-term evolution technology LTE (long term evolution), to fill this a gap. The basic idea is to use the past for the development of B3G or 4G technology to the development of LTE, using the 3G spectrum for broadband wireless access market share in December 2004 when Athens was decided 3GPP 3GPP RAN working group responsible for carrying out long-term evolution LTE radio interface of .2006 June completed in June 2007 LTE standard release. participate in the work, including 200 members of the 3GPP.
LTE radio will select a new air interface standards (OFDMA loud voice), the use of bandwidth from 1.25MHz to 20MHz, speed downlink capacity of 100 Mbit / s, upstream 50 Mbit / s.LTE will also develop a new network structure. Prior to the evolution of 3GPP is in the original programs, including HSPDA RAN and core network based on the gradual evolution of more restricted . LTE will be in the original 3G radio access network, the establishment of a new all-IP radio access network (RAN), and pure IP convergence with the fixed core network. to meet the needs of broadband wireless access. This move Communications will no longer be a system, but only to provide broadband mobile wireless access. truly converged fixed and mobile networks. LTE working group is now in full swing starting from the fully operational needs. As opinion within the 3GPP, and is not completely unified, do not want to let go of the original system from scratch is still very powerful forces that can achieve booking goals are still some problems.
LTE in our country and the corresponding program is called plan and B3G E3G.863 FUTURE plans are considered the corresponding for the development of E3G, in LTE development work. in 3GPP2 is being called the implementation of air interface similar to the evolution of AIE (air interface evolution) evolution program.
4 future broadband wireless access market, the competitive situation
WiMax is intended for broadband wireless access market, 3G mobile communication is intended for cellular phone-based mobile communication system, generally speaking, is a complementary relationship between them. But when the 3GPP for the development of broadband wireless access market HSDPA, particularly after the emergence of LTE development of competition. From the above analysis we can see the face of WiMax and 3GPP LTE is the same market, the indicators are similar, the use of technology is similar can be said the same thing. < br> 3GPP LTE is a decision to develop a strategic decision for the future development of its far-reaching impact. Although LTE's ability to shake off the shackles of the original architecture, there are problems, but its members are the mainstream of current 3G operators , the force and frequency of use of a 3G license, even if the performance of their LTE development, worse, in the broadband wireless access market still has a strong competitive edge. and once they have LTE will no longer consider the use of WiMax and other competitive technology. In addition, LTE frequency of use of 3G, or even use the 2G frequency, better penetration, higher cost performance support system.
WiMax by the IT industry of broadband wireless access technology, in the absence of the original system of constraints, most broadband access market. Since the emergence of LTE, operators may use WIMax main fixed network operators and new operators to enter the competition. Intel and other IT equipment manufacturers the firm is WiMax, a strong supporter of, they want to enter through the WiMax broadband wireless access market. Intel to bundle in the future WiMax notebook promises enhanced the competitiveness of WiMax.
WiMax development of today's major problems plagued is the frequency of the problem. is already accepted is 3.4 ~ 3.8 GHz frequency license, and 5.725 ~ 5.85 GHz frequency license-free frequency. Many countries allow the use of higher frequencies, its license-exempt 5 GHz band as part of the purpose of for outdoor applications. because of their poor penetrating power, the use of these frequencies WiMax and LTE system can not compete. awaiting approval is 2.3 ~ 2.7 GHz frequency license, only South Korea will be 2.3 ~ 2.4 GHz frequency allocated to WiMax. International the main focus for 2.5 ~ 2.6 GHz frequency. these frequencies are still high, compared with the performance of 3G mobile communication frequencies less.
WiMax broadband wireless access to the development of the best and may choose to use television broadcast band (UHF .) penetration of the UHF channels can achieve a large area of good coverage, easy to reduce costs and improve competitiveness. many parts of the world began the fight for distribution of <1 GHz frequency bands for broadband wireless access efforts. in the United States is +-free license to use license for the band. has been sold to the channel 54,55,59 (710 ~ 722 MHz, 740 ~ 746 MHz), lower frequency of future auctions Channel (698 ~ 746 MHz) or higher frequency Channels (747 ~ 794 MHz). In China Radio Management Committee has 798 ~ 862 MHz frequency from SARFT to directly manage their own hands to recover.
consultations in the United States is lower than the 700 MHz license-free use of empty TV channels. U.S. FCC must make sense to use these radio frequencies to avoid interference. this IEEE established the IEEE 802.22 wireless local area network aware (WRAN) Standards Working Group (November 2004). Its purpose is the development of air interface (MAC and PHY ) in various geographical regions to provide broadband wireless access, including sparsely populated rural areas, with the interference protection mechanisms for users to use as a secondary TV 54 ~ 862 MHz frequency band. WiMax so one more competitor. as this, IEEE 802.16 Working Group has set up a IEEE802.16h, dedicated to improving media access control, such as strategies and other mechanisms to ensure enhanced IEEE 802.16-based license-free coexistence between systems, as well as a major user of the system coexistence between. IEEE 802.16h to WiMax to meet FCC requirements, as a secondary user with a blank terrestrial TV channels.
terrestrial TV frequency of use of blank WiMax systems will have excellent performance and extremely competitive. especially in rural and remote areas, will be to eliminate the Conclusion
nomadic and mobile broadband wireless access will become an important future market demand for communications. WiMax (802.16d / e) is dedicated to the development of this demand, performance, high efficiency and low cost. Through its flexible system configuration to meet the requirements of various application scenarios .3 G is based on the design of voice-based business needs, can not meet the demand for broadband wireless access. In order to enter the broadband wireless access market, 3GPP 3.5G development known as the HSPA (1xEV DO ) after the remains inadequate, in order to compete with WiMax plans 3GPP decided to develop long-term evolution of LTE, the indicators and with the WiMax technology is similar can be said the same thing. WiMax frequency allocation by the development of the constraints, can use the terrestrial television broadcast band on WiMax essential for the development.
(Author: Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of High Performance Network)
Thursday, December 16, 2010
Kaoyan must see, ready to teach you how to get started (Reprinted)
1, study section in the end is hard?
On the study section of the difficulty, some people exaggerate it, the result can scare off many would have admitted to graduate students. And Some students underestimate the difficulty of the Entrance Examination, the enemy too lightly The results can be admitted to also test the original mess. Indeed, the difficulty for the study section, there should be a correct assessment of the degree of difficulty is exaggerated and inappropriate contempt, in many cases even harmful.
the Jedi Most of the students is concerned, I think the study section of the difficulty in fact is not high, because we can think about, study section scores of countries to meet so many different grades of school enrollments is obviously not set too high, the difficulty of the subject is moderate and relatively stable, very early to be aware of. University of final exam requirement is higher, as long as the students carefully review and spent enough time should be no problem.
Kaoyan review many of the workload, is not entirely in order to achieve a certain score the efforts done, but get the job to find ways to reduce their own risk. Perhaps you may learn a lot of things to the Examination, but they are still meaningful, because those who can You pass the test to reduce the risk of students.
problem is that many people do not clearly aware of this, we do not minimize the unexpected from the perspective of thinking about how to review the arrangements, in particular, the review of specialized courses, the results often fail to have caused the impression that Kaoyan quite hard.
, of course, very easy to over-think the idea of Kaoyan is very wrong. Postgraduate Examination Needs to complete a series of work, if not complete a series of necessary work, try to rely on luck test graduate school, chances are very small. only if you spend enough time, enough energy, we can say that, PubMed is not difficult.
2, usually only want to obtain good results Graduate?
the Graduate Record Examinations test only 5 course, the seriousness and review, review the length of time and the method is correct or not related, and usually has little academic performance. I know a graduate of Zhejiang University model (school year only 30), too confident, thinking that they usually get good grades, no serious review, results are not admitted to graduate, but does poorly (but later went to the United States a top 20 school to go ). and I heard the teacher said the department had several students before because there is no degree, not easy to find work, there is no other way out, only the study section, but are well on the test. so be on the test was still on the critical review of how , not because of poor grades usually not dare to graduate school. Kaoyan you usually can not be so serious as to learn, so the results usually is not much reference value, because you might not like school, so no work, so the results are often normal You can not represent the true level and potential, are not operands.
3, when it began to examination preparation is better?
though I think the early to determine what to test what kind of professional schools, and better, but as some universities to university students, began from the preparation, or from the sophomore to start preparing, but also a bit overdone a bit. As a result, the entire university life completely turn around Kaoyan, recalled in the future to their university life, it is inevitable to feel PubMed, gave up too much, others have a better college life, and his college life is bleak.
So, I think, if you have decided that something so long before you see the junior Kaoyan in the future to test to the class, very seriously learn, learn, and Kaoyan about the same level (for example in class, especially before the final exam review guide holding PubMed mathematical point of view the book), is smooth for the future admitted to the graduate students do to prepare. In junior year ago, all the math classes to learn as much as possible,UGG shoes, as soon as possible up to six levels of English or six good level, that is done a very good for the Graduate Examination preparation.
If Examination of the profession,UGGs, then I think junior year, start looking at mathematics as well as some specialized courses on it. If it is multi-disciplinary, it is best to start learning some of the junior year of the professional courses or professional study section of the direct reading of the specified reference , and then began to look under the junior title with the specified reference the same, but of different content are also some differences in the materials, which can increase the understanding of the specified materials, but also can reduce the examination not seen when the content dangerous. recently, probably due to Kaoyan competition, I have heard a lot of specialized courses in schools designated a large area beyond the textbook, and sometimes even more than half of the test content can not find the specified reference books (mainly economics and pure liberal arts professional), so early is very important to read some other materials, if the material was not specified in the authority of, the content is too shallow or content is not comprehensive, but should carefully study the book of the same name and authority of textbooks.
On the study section of the difficulty, some people exaggerate it, the result can scare off many would have admitted to graduate students. And Some students underestimate the difficulty of the Entrance Examination, the enemy too lightly The results can be admitted to also test the original mess. Indeed, the difficulty for the study section, there should be a correct assessment of the degree of difficulty is exaggerated and inappropriate contempt, in many cases even harmful.
the Jedi Most of the students is concerned, I think the study section of the difficulty in fact is not high, because we can think about, study section scores of countries to meet so many different grades of school enrollments is obviously not set too high, the difficulty of the subject is moderate and relatively stable, very early to be aware of. University of final exam requirement is higher, as long as the students carefully review and spent enough time should be no problem.
Kaoyan review many of the workload, is not entirely in order to achieve a certain score the efforts done, but get the job to find ways to reduce their own risk. Perhaps you may learn a lot of things to the Examination, but they are still meaningful, because those who can You pass the test to reduce the risk of students.
problem is that many people do not clearly aware of this, we do not minimize the unexpected from the perspective of thinking about how to review the arrangements, in particular, the review of specialized courses, the results often fail to have caused the impression that Kaoyan quite hard.
, of course, very easy to over-think the idea of Kaoyan is very wrong. Postgraduate Examination Needs to complete a series of work, if not complete a series of necessary work, try to rely on luck test graduate school, chances are very small. only if you spend enough time, enough energy, we can say that, PubMed is not difficult.
2, usually only want to obtain good results Graduate?
the Graduate Record Examinations test only 5 course, the seriousness and review, review the length of time and the method is correct or not related, and usually has little academic performance. I know a graduate of Zhejiang University model (school year only 30), too confident, thinking that they usually get good grades, no serious review, results are not admitted to graduate, but does poorly (but later went to the United States a top 20 school to go ). and I heard the teacher said the department had several students before because there is no degree, not easy to find work, there is no other way out, only the study section, but are well on the test. so be on the test was still on the critical review of how , not because of poor grades usually not dare to graduate school. Kaoyan you usually can not be so serious as to learn, so the results usually is not much reference value, because you might not like school, so no work, so the results are often normal You can not represent the true level and potential, are not operands.
3, when it began to examination preparation is better?
though I think the early to determine what to test what kind of professional schools, and better, but as some universities to university students, began from the preparation, or from the sophomore to start preparing, but also a bit overdone a bit. As a result, the entire university life completely turn around Kaoyan, recalled in the future to their university life, it is inevitable to feel PubMed, gave up too much, others have a better college life, and his college life is bleak.
So, I think, if you have decided that something so long before you see the junior Kaoyan in the future to test to the class, very seriously learn, learn, and Kaoyan about the same level (for example in class, especially before the final exam review guide holding PubMed mathematical point of view the book), is smooth for the future admitted to the graduate students do to prepare. In junior year ago, all the math classes to learn as much as possible,UGG shoes, as soon as possible up to six levels of English or six good level, that is done a very good for the Graduate Examination preparation.
If Examination of the profession,UGGs, then I think junior year, start looking at mathematics as well as some specialized courses on it. If it is multi-disciplinary, it is best to start learning some of the junior year of the professional courses or professional study section of the direct reading of the specified reference , and then began to look under the junior title with the specified reference the same, but of different content are also some differences in the materials, which can increase the understanding of the specified materials, but also can reduce the examination not seen when the content dangerous. recently, probably due to Kaoyan competition, I have heard a lot of specialized courses in schools designated a large area beyond the textbook, and sometimes even more than half of the test content can not find the specified reference books (mainly economics and pure liberal arts professional), so early is very important to read some other materials, if the material was not specified in the authority of, the content is too shallow or content is not comprehensive, but should carefully study the book of the same name and authority of textbooks.
Wednesday, December 15, 2010
Li, a man who's sad
Internet start-ups to encourage young students on an article written a half to rejoin a man came the news of Lee.
If the total response from either a On the other hand, this is really an old-fashioned story is the end of the story in which a man became another one of Lee lost sheep. any General is a kind of temperament, Huawei is indeed the lack successors, or not so stirred up, and non-escorted a man must rejoin Lee, unfortunately, result, China has one less high-spirited young entrepreneurs. (see my other article BLOG either beside the old couch, How can we allow a man sleep? fly, by contrast, whether treatment is even more clever?
the curtain falls, the total of any year with a man, ; adulthood challenge encourage young people to start
for aspiring young people, employment as entrepreneurs.
80 Internet start-ups now become a hot topic. now college graduates, to find a good job really easy. These years, I was responsible for the main task of the newspaper to hire and train new people, each holding a dozen pile resume, see dizziness, often Tsinghua University, Peking University Ph.D., MA is written on the side, with the employment pressure the increase, more and more units want to do something more practical and cheaper cost of young people,bailey UGG boots, and not too concerned about schools or education.
most importantly, with the Internet,UGG boots cheap, start-up costs greatly reduced. This has nothing to do after 80, can only say that after 80 more lucky, the good times start to catch up.
also support the so-called Long Tail. lower start-up costs, business is not the same as the traditional network model, followed by There are countless hot money waiting, with the young is the capital, entrepreneurship is very tempting indeed. Internet's first generation of Kennedy's famous phrase when Jerry Yang is the start: br> This is a new era of Internet commerce, wealth of rare work.
remember my first interview with Zhang in 1999, he had just been He mentioned that in the past only one way Chinese young people, that is, an official in order to succeed; different now, you can start, especially in the network business. government official is a man guards the pass, Wan Fu Mo open, because there is only one emperor in ancient Therefore, in the strangling exception bitter gruel; the latter is the energy of activation of the whole society, business entrepreneurs as possible in order to truly wealth with the people.
very plain words, the party gave me a lot vibration.
7.80 in the last century's Taiwan Province, but also because a large number of students who return business, only a year in Taiwan's economic prosperity and status today.
night just to see the central 2 sets ), the main mission is to create millionaires in China, approved; the other two wise beard Wu Ying Ma and teachers are successful entrepreneurs, one is good at playing the Chinese Tai Chi Kung Fu, virtual and real master of gossip, one is able to smell opportunity to make a fortune out of a fierce speculative adventurers wealth, our wealth with the people of the countries to achieve the mission of generations.
If the total response from either a On the other hand, this is really an old-fashioned story is the end of the story in which a man became another one of Lee lost sheep. any General is a kind of temperament, Huawei is indeed the lack successors, or not so stirred up, and non-escorted a man must rejoin Lee, unfortunately, result, China has one less high-spirited young entrepreneurs. (see my other article BLOG either beside the old couch, How can we allow a man sleep? fly, by contrast, whether treatment is even more clever?
the curtain falls, the total of any year with a man, ; adulthood challenge encourage young people to start
for aspiring young people, employment as entrepreneurs.
80 Internet start-ups now become a hot topic. now college graduates, to find a good job really easy. These years, I was responsible for the main task of the newspaper to hire and train new people, each holding a dozen pile resume, see dizziness, often Tsinghua University, Peking University Ph.D., MA is written on the side, with the employment pressure the increase, more and more units want to do something more practical and cheaper cost of young people,bailey UGG boots, and not too concerned about schools or education.
most importantly, with the Internet,UGG boots cheap, start-up costs greatly reduced. This has nothing to do after 80, can only say that after 80 more lucky, the good times start to catch up.
also support the so-called Long Tail. lower start-up costs, business is not the same as the traditional network model, followed by There are countless hot money waiting, with the young is the capital, entrepreneurship is very tempting indeed. Internet's first generation of Kennedy's famous phrase when Jerry Yang is the start: br> This is a new era of Internet commerce, wealth of rare work.
remember my first interview with Zhang in 1999, he had just been He mentioned that in the past only one way Chinese young people, that is, an official in order to succeed; different now, you can start, especially in the network business. government official is a man guards the pass, Wan Fu Mo open, because there is only one emperor in ancient Therefore, in the strangling exception bitter gruel; the latter is the energy of activation of the whole society, business entrepreneurs as possible in order to truly wealth with the people.
very plain words, the party gave me a lot vibration.
7.80 in the last century's Taiwan Province, but also because a large number of students who return business, only a year in Taiwan's economic prosperity and status today.
night just to see the central 2 sets ), the main mission is to create millionaires in China, approved; the other two wise beard Wu Ying Ma and teachers are successful entrepreneurs, one is good at playing the Chinese Tai Chi Kung Fu, virtual and real master of gossip, one is able to smell opportunity to make a fortune out of a fierce speculative adventurers wealth, our wealth with the people of the countries to achieve the mission of generations.
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