1, China's future from the new organizational form of civil society, such as environmental organizations, but the current NGO is no future because they lack the organizational capacity.
2, the distortion of the reform within the system from the inertia of the organization. When this inertia is surrounded by a small number of interest groups and the social elite interest groups (such as the so-called economists, political power brokers and academic hegemony) driven, China's political reform is doomed to experience the Yellow nine.
3 Chinese society over the years have continued the pattern of 5000 the emperor and the people, China's future form of political organization can only be a new type of cooperation from civil form, rather than the illusion of the year Chairman Mao , unipolar development goals will inevitably lead to the majority of the underclass can not enjoy the benefits of reform and opening, but even more poverty, hand in hand with ecology is the environment of interest groups looting and excessive development. Yunnan Three Rivers (such as the Nu River Hydropower Development) protection crisis highlights this.
Chinese modernization: Cooperation Organization + modern technology
mm also on to achieve part of the production and distribution of welfare, but market pricing mechanism works through the status and power , the need the help of modern technology to protect the cooperative and productive functions, in order to find the most low-cost benefits, to provide primary path to the institutionalization of effective participation.
Introduction Westernization campaign, from the Yang Wupai and the Reform faction dynasties, whether royalist or revolutionary, whether the KMT or the CCP, with different ideological tendencies of the Chinese people have a common pursuit: to complete in order to achieve industrialization and, according to the national security and livelihood objectives. the consensus embodied in the specific development goals, Sun can borrow a is indeed a final shape, so Jusong divided into parties willing to express their views on the topic.
First, China's industrialization and economic development
should be said that in achieving the goal of industrialization, the representatives of various tendencies are still cherished sincere wish. However, the actual effect is often not proportional to the motive and sincerity. Westernization Movement from the founding of New China in 1949, all industrial investment in fixed assets by the total number of precipitation, but 12.4 billion. taking into account the enormous Territory size and huge population, the accumulation of mere tens of billions to the change brought about, apparently can only be concentrated in a few isolated reached 58.8 billion yuan, a new form of fixed assets 49 billion yuan, which is equivalent to the total accumulated a century after the Opium War four times. is relying on such a strong investment and asset accumulation, to 1980, the New China industrialization The first phase has been completed the sign is built mm initial complete national economic system. Why did the Communists can do better than their predecessors? This is a crucial issue related to how to better accumulation in the oldest Chinese industrialization required capital, how early in the industrialized better mobilize and coordinate all aspects of the power of human capital and material resources to promote faster capital accumulated to support the involve different on the experience of social modernization and the theory refined the system formed after the preferences and values, but has not formed the Chinese scholars at least a consensus on this, but in recent years on the issue of intellectual gradually open. Here is my own personal development during this period some of the basic views on the economy.
is relying on the initial success of industrialization, but also in part based on age of collective irrigation of agricultural achievements, agricultural yields across the country to follow increased fertilizer inputs have increased in grain cultivation has reached a Qichun County, is saturated in the late 1970s the county in 1984 mm yield grain production was flat in 1979, then is not much improved; the northern dry farming areas, due to subject the late-maturing varieties of wheat and corn, to saturated output of the time even later. In most parts of rural production, after reaching saturation, since the late Ming tension between people and land has been under long-term lower than the subsistence food production needs to break through the difficulties it is in this predicament mm under the constraint China's long-term agricultural planting structure to food-based (so-called limited land and human resources, of course, the priority assigned to the planting of food; Moreover, the first 30 years of New China's grain output volatility situation, every decline in food production, crop varieties structure will tend to deteriorate, not only cereals and coarse grains rise in the ratio, while cash crops such as cotton production has fallen even faster mm because of the limited land to a higher degree of focus on meeting the needs to feed their families.
is completed in the primary industrialization, food production to stabilize to exceed the level of food and clothing needs, agricultural planting structure began with upgrade conditions. According to the Chinese experience, the critical point of structural transformation of agriculture in general can be drawn: the supply of fertilizer and stability more than 100 million tons (or the amount of 17 million tons of pure discount ) while a stable grain output over 380 million to 4.0 million tons. to achieve these two critical conditions, the wide into the home of the the final era of collective agriculture in the construction of water conservancy achievements above, and then superimposed decisively after the completion of the primary industrial fertilizer industry support, that is, spent a total of about 30 after years of efforts to break.
comparison , mainstream economists tend to emphasize the role of the system, considered to be The main factors to look out, it seems that people in long-term stress conditions, historical trends, in the absence of chemical fertilizers with the help of a large number of inputs, there may be reversed, which obviously does not meet the small-scale peasant middle of a long history in China, the dominant historical evidence. propaganda of mainstream economics to explain the increase in agricultural output logic, is the ideology of individualism as a major strong point, this ideology must always lead to complete only the first production of the industrial age to the family of the existence and cooperation minimized. Therefore, in the industrial age is undoubtedly a very distorted, the most radical starting with the Soviet Union and Eastern countries have fundamentally different: the Soviet Union and Eastern countries are the industrialized countries has been completed, while China's reform is close to completion at the initial stage of industrialization started. The difference between the starting point to bring a more fundamental difference mm Soviet Union and the transition has led to serious economic collapse, while China's reform has opened up a rapid growth phase, in particular the rapid expansion of consumer goods Shengchan stage. reform and open policy, the two main production of consumer goods accelerated the expansion process The first is the 1979 implementation of the 1979, to import large quantities of food and fertilizer, the agricultural output before the ability to support the local fertilizer industry saturated output prematurely, thus expansion process can be started early. Moreover, in the production of consumer goods, in addition to relying on local technology and equipment for large-scale expansion, but also opened a large dependence on imported technology and equipment of the rapid expansion process, result in a very short period of time the product mm rapid updating of the most typical in the 1980s reflected the rapid upgrade on appliances. can be said that the reform and opening-up policy, not only to promote the rapid production of consumer goods ; burden welfare-related living conditions of the beginning of the not only provides a considerable part of the new GDP figures, but most people start living a state of decline and instability of the process, but also created a corresponding very small and unstable minority groups more riches. With the emergence of the distribution of polarization, the middle of China's large population of a small part of the purchasing power of a sharp rise dramatically in the country there is a considerable volume of high-end consumer market who mm Western countries close to the consumer goods industries, began to occupy a certain position among China's .1990, China's economic growth in developed countries is close to the industrial characteristics, such as cars and real estate related industries have become the . . this peculiar industrial structure, government projects and real estate is obviously the result of a strong pull.
no doubt that reform and opening up 30 years ago, the country of non-renewable resource development to achieve a sharp rise in the number of sudden and processing capacity , and this rapid progress is to minimize conflicts on environmental and ecological conditions necessary for implementation of compensation, which makes the whole community for the distribution of the maximum number of outputs: one is the huge expansion of extractive industries and manufacturing enormous processing capacity of the industry; the one hand, to non-predatory exploitation of renewable resources and minimizing the need for compensation for environmental damage. For the real economy increased levels of productivity and output, whether domestic or foreign, should be a common understanding. differences may be mainly concentrated in the following two aspects: First, this phase of economic expansion, what are the reasons behind, how to evaluate the social costs of this expansion process and the natural price? Second, the process of economic expansion this unique community in China today the common factors and the constraints of natural factors, the extent and range can be maintained?
Second, the individual's social existence and the core values of a people can not leave their
to live, he always lived in the concrete network of social relations among the network of social relations and interaction between the nature of the way, in the new China in recent 60 years the time a fundamental turning point. In general, during the Mao era's social network among the management of the executive power take a greater role in weight; reform and opening up, the nature of social relations are increasingly turning to monetization to , social relations between the market price mechanism increasing the scope of expansion in the positioning of the relationship between people, between the role of commodity currencies to rise. the other hand, Mao Zedong era, social organization between the role of executive power are especially prominent, almost the entire population are organized in a gigantic middle of the administrative management system. At that time in order to implement rapid industrialization strategy, resource allocation priorities focused on the production and heavy industry, mainly relying on the collective organization of agriculture into the labor-intensive for construction of water conservancy, light industry and subject to the production of agricultural raw materials the lack of a level of development conditions, the three points of Western economic theory seems well-read well-known scholars have no knowledge of, but in the new China, where the first generation of leaders is to have a clear understanding of Li Fuchun 1955 mm session in adults On a five-year plan to make the report clearly expressed when, in September 1956 eight political report on the resolution once again reaffirmed.
Unable to break through in the short term production of consumer goods behind the needs of serious limitations in the management had to reduce the wage countries and units under the condition of focusing on reducing the number of spending money to survive. Accordingly, the state and individual survival is closely related to various welfare services such as education, health and housing, mostly through low-cost solution. Mao era in the appropriate orientation of social relations, is the limitations of the general level of production of consumer goods, determines the low level of wages and incomes, and gave birth to the welfare of low income, low-cost production model, the three common Mao era of social relations determines the lower level of the currency. monetization of social relations, the lower the level, in fact, in turn, reinforced the dependence of individual units, the level of a person's life can be led with his own effort level correlation is not high. Therefore, Mao's collectivism, not just a core of values or ideology, propaganda, and the survival status of the individual nature of social network mm units on the personal work and life of overwhelming importance mm is consistent.
Mao era of welfare within the unit production, in fact, the exclusion of the market price mechanism. the division of labor within the unit, it is possible conditions for a wide range of technology and resources to the welfare of low-cost production arrangements, and as a relatively balanced distribution of its output. that era, is a unit rather than individuals to bear the cost of human capital accumulation, teachers, doctors and other practitioners of the cost of individual learning and training costs are mainly borne by the collective, and accordingly, the unit set up does not allow the welfare practitioners and consumers using a variety of advantages to bargain, the eradication of the advantages of information superiority and status of the service into the price may be higher, which is welfare to low-cost supply of reasons. so, it can not form a dominant population of vulnerable people does not exclude the presence of high prices, failure mechanisms and consumer problems.
conditions in the units, membership is widely granted, of course, there are class differences (although small differences), this qualification is usually work- number of years and a positive correlation between administrative levels, it was a long wait for a long beard length of service pay rise times. Although some units to the exclusion of dominant position Service trends in complex and increasingly specialized, there is an objective control of the hands of the minority while most people focus on alienation in addition to the problem management process, which needs to be established between managers and is an essential management trust relationship. from the management and the realistic needs, particularly the management of the Mao era urgent need to address the excess low-wage labor input under the problem, which requires payment of workers compensation is not fully believe that today's excess labor input is to help his overall interests and long-term interests, which requires administrative agencies and community managers to perform the role of the overall interests of the trustee. want people to believe that the role of integrity, on the one hand the need for collective ideology under the publicity and education, other an indispensable aspect of the mass movement and by periodic critique of ideology (such as anti-Zi revisionism opinion) to suppress the power elite control management, to prevent them to benefits by the general in charge of their own narrow interests. Shiji Shang collective ideology only if only for propaganda to be managers, and lack of inhibition for the effective management, it is difficult to convince people. collectivist ideology, the objective in the control group concentrated in the hands of the premise managers , the need to system of units, an important management feature of acquaintances in the community managers and administrators were among the social Scott scholars in the field research in Malaysia found, not the majority of poor farmers, landlords and rich peasants Ershi grasp the ideological leadership, in turn, the right leadership role in the ruling class. Yulun the bottom of the Mao era and a lot of special nature is through periodic mass movement and sent a work team approach under the inventory of the grass-roots cadres, which depressed the primary management objective dominant position, making them more receptive to community supervision and criticism of public opinion, in other words, through on the lower ground floor with a way to strengthen the power of public opinion. And the press of public opinion, the long-term criticism from the masses the same old way, privileges and degenerate, and fundamentally it is not conducive to strengthening the management of power. Although I hope that through the upper and lower Mao combined to tame the the existence of the narrow interests of the elite to the possibility of institutionalization, and predicted: As long as the success of this institutionalization process, the interests of most people's basic survival will be threatened.
general, Maoist ; achievement, in the award of a wide range of but eventually failed to membership of the ) clearly has a higher degree of importance.
Third, a harmonious society that fatal problem, find another one leading to the broad road of modernization and a better future. In this new road, the only just need to lower the tolerance of their early, and future development will surely benefit all. In this view vision problems, all the social problems and conflicts are transformed into a time and stages of development issues, that reached a certain level of development time and after all problems have a solution once and for all. This is a development of doctrine stage of rhetoric, there is a reasonable arrangement is not self-evident: let the wealth and power concentrated in few hands to build a driving force for development (the so-called Most of the state to improve survival. That is, in the initial stage of development, the expense of most people's basic living conditions and benefits is required, which vividly reflected in the expense of Li Yining, who said the remarks in the generation of older workers.
30 years later, the development of internal and external constraints and conditions become more clear: the first constraint, lies in the relationship between man and nature. If China can not put Europe into the Third World countries at the same time become the only first A World countries, it is clear, China's huge population, rich level of development of local resources should be based on the number, but given China's vast number of resource extraction and serious environmental and ecological problems, we hardly expect further expansion of mining capacity to support a a long term development prospects, while the very serious problem today has deferred to the future to solve, it seems there is a need based on the existing level of development to consider the issue of new solutions. The second limitation is that we have expect technology and capital accumulation will increase rather than decrease the means to solve social problems, which underestimated the improvement of living conditions in the majority of people there distorted reform processing defects, as long as the introduction of market mechanisms to solve the minority self-abuse of power and privilege against the majority of problems. After 30 years of market practice, we see a dominance, information superiority, and cultural power of administrative authority and all powers, are in the market looking to cash institutionalized channels of influence and become a decisive force in the pricing mechanism, together formed a system characterized by high prices exclusion mechanism, destroyed most of the basic conditions for survival. all the powers specified in China the depth of market pricing mechanisms involved, showing a kind of political power, economic power and cultural power characteristics of integrated work. hardly reasonable to expect that, with the improvement of China's economic development and per capita income levels rise, the price exclusion mechanisms will be weakened, or that the income of most people eventually catch up with the price increase the intensity of rejection mechanism. It is in this key area, a non-optimistic view of the spread, and, for the market mechanism and the experience of Western modernization doubt, and also grow up.
in the decisions of human, financial resources from rural areas to run a large number of Most of the land in China and most parts of the rural population, still must rely on comparative advantage of low-growing food crops for a living, their production conditions and the improvement of living conditions in the market price mechanism can not rely on to obtain more resources to solve can not expect that as developed countries to increase financial transfer payments to support the efforts. China's progress and agricultural production conditions, enhance the welfare of farmers, the only way out is through close co-operation to low-cost solution.
in the city areas as employment and welfare reform, the deepening of the market, in a large number of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises lost their jobs and stable living conditions, the white-collar workers are increasingly limited by the price of exclusion mechanisms, most of the middle white-collar workers are also increasingly working and life into the mortgage debt and an unstable state. the reality of a decisive impact on public opinion changes to the network, many filled with frustration and even hatred filled with the and the logical consequences of the deterioration of living conditions, social exclusion mechanism is a rational response to cover up.
from rural to urban, from farmers to white-collar workers, social exclusion mechanism in China to construct such a , and this the wish to have enough disdain not reluctantly, only after the mm to illustrate the contrary, because most of the civilian elite, not the identity, loss of power and command of the ideological aspects of leadership, lack of leadership has the right to more highlight the importance of the more, the more is overstating the Western mainstream scholars An important consequence, the mainstream economists credit sharp decline, many well-known economists in the network under heavy criticism for a long time, almost to the point of being reproached. mainstream economists have long-term market mechanisms to promote fairness and efficiency of sensationalism, but the Chinese market has a mix of reality too much power will, it is difficult to be considered is the introduction of a Many people feel that it is increasingly deteriorating living conditions in their welfare of the market process, show the power elite, the elite and the intellectual elite of the capital was Triangle benign influence of the fact that mainstream scholars may be able to advise on such an important matter: the actual survival of the majority is seriously out of the advanced theory, no matter how logical and perfect form are not enough to convince people. Thus, even leaders from the construction of ideology Right off the good intentions, but also particularly need to focus on the survival of most of the state and the reality of China is an urgent need to hold an open mind mm not only the theory of learning from the West, but more open-minded and vision to focus on the Chinese people today the reality of living conditions.
to ask questions like, may be useful to start debate and clear: the lack of resources as per the reality in China is difficult to change, if the lack of adequate solid Cooperation Organization, the majority of the population will be difficult to technological progress the possible benefits. part of the market mechanism to achieve production and distribution of welfare, the developed countries are relatively high level of per capita consumption of resources through the market mechanism to achieve the majority of the population enjoy the benefits of modern technology, but through market pricing mechanism work status and power So, rather than developed countries in China, but also need to mm to provide low-cost benefits. exclusion mechanism in the price below the welfare needs of the majority of the population, by the human and material resources to the actual only through broad and stable cooperation with organizations to achieve. In other words, the answer to social issues and ideological leadership of the construction process, requiring population condition, planning a reach of most Chinese people to the help of modern technology, improve the living conditions of people asked leave continue to cling to problem. particularly in view of the number of group events year after year, politicians have been felt before the academic seriousness of this problem, the first had responded and started to explore solutions and strategies to make some adjustments social policy, perhaps in this sense to better understand the the call in the politicians, not deeply concerned about the academic and research is difficult to mobilize the whole society is clearly a consensus is still possible to a tested based on cooperation at the community organizations within the low-cost way of welfare production, and indeed a very backward in economic and technical conditions to elevate the case to the people's welfare. might be said that without cooperation and the stability of low-cost farmers welfare production systems, farmers in China will always occupy the majority of the rural cadres in the era of deterrence under the periodic political campaigns are relatively clean, and today as high in rural areas to achieve the level of cooperation, self-serving behavior of cadres may be more difficult to supervision and regulation. It is for such practical concerns, after the abolition of rural taxes and fees in the grass-roots political reform is the tendency of its involvement in the collapse of the capacity of rural society.
conclusion, Mr. Lu said: Actually, the earth had no roads, more people will go into road. this sentence use the language of economics, the Maoist era of reform and opening up a wealth of experience can be funded controlled study material. Maybe in the political, economic and academic circles jointly paid enough the original article on the ground ...
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